高房价与城镇居民创业*——基于CHIP微观数据的实证分析

以往有关高房价与创业的研究存在一定争议,本文基于2002年和2008年中国家庭收入调查（CHIP）分析了高房价对城镇居民创业行为的影响。实证结果表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,高房价能够提高中国城镇居民的创业概率,负担房贷会降低城镇居民创业的可能性,高房价刺激的多为自雇型创业,对老板型创业的促进作用不明显。由于促进的大多是自雇型创业,所以不能高估高房价对创业活动的激励作用,在未来鼓励大众创业的过程中应该着重考虑其他制度性因素。       

返乡农民工创业选择的影响因素分析——基于5省465户返乡农民工家庭的调查数据

农民工返乡创业对乡村振兴战略和农村脱贫战略的实施都具有重要影响,对返乡农民工创业选择的影响因素及城际差异进行研究有助于为各地区创业政策的精准制定和创业活动的精准开展指导提供参考。文章基于5个省6个城市返乡农民工家庭的样本数据,运用最优尺度回归和多水平模型实证分析了返乡农民工创业选择的影响因素与城际差异。研究发现:(1)出生年代、受教育程度、家庭年总收入3个微观变量和居住地教育环境、居住地居住条件、地区消费水平、地区房价水平4个宏观变量对返乡农民工创业选择具有显著影响。(2)返乡农民工创业选择存在城际差异,受教育程度、居住地教育环境、地区消费水平和地区房价水平对城市间返乡农民工创业选择的变异聚集性具有影响。根据地区特征,有针对性地加强针对农民工的技能培训和返乡创业支持体系建设有助于促进农民工返乡创业。     

Can entrepreneurship bring happiness? Evidence from China

This paper investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and the happiness of entrepreneurs. We estimate the effects of entrepreneurial decision-making, business experience and other factors on happiness by using China Household Finance Survey data. Our results derived from maximum likelihood estimation methods indicate that entrepreneurial decision-making and entrepreneurial experience affect household happiness significantly. The family well-being is significantly increased if the family is entrepreneurial, and it will be higher if actively entrepreneurial. Both entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial investment of time have significantly positive effect on the probability of family well-being. In addition, we find that the mechanism by which entrepreneurship brings happiness to households is through raising household income and wealth, that is, income effects and wealth effects.     

门当户对与住房租购选择——基于中国家庭金融调查数据的实证分析

本文使用中国家庭金融调查数据，研究婚姻匹配模式对住房租购选择的影响。结论发现，所谓门当户对的家庭选择租房居住的概率更高，而具有高攀特点的家庭更加偏好直接购买住房。孩子数越多、年收入越低，以及拥有车辆时选择买房居住的概率更高；孩子数可以削弱门当户对对住房租购选择的负向影响，收入越高的门当户对的家庭选择买房的概率更高。分组分析证实，在住房价格高的情况下，这些因素对住房租购选择的影响更为显著，而在价格低的地区房价便是影响住房租购选择的主导因素。     

How house price appreciation affects homeowners' labour force participation

This paper investigates the effects of house price appreciation on homeowners' labour force participation (LFP). Although economic theories predict that housing capital gains will reduce labour supply, empirical evidence from urban China revealed that house price appreciation significantly boosts homeowners' LFP. Heterogeneous analyses indicate that LFP behaviour is more likely to be affected by house price appreciation for female and younger homeowners. Furthermore, homeowners living in provinces with greater house price appreciation tend to be more active in job participation than those living in provinces with lower price appreciation.     

地理距离与经济距离对创业知识溢出影响的实证分析

创业活动的产生源于对新知识的投资,创业活动通过“知识过滤”为知识溢出提供传播媒介,从而形成创业知识溢出。以我国内地30个省际区域2002-2009年数据为样本,运用空间动态面板数据模型实证分析我国企业家创业活动的影响因素,并从地理因素与经济因素两个方面探究创业知识溢出。研究结果表明,研发投入、专利申请量以及人均GDP对创业活动影响显著,创业活动存在显著的溢出效应,经济距离对创业知识溢出的影响比地理距离的影响更显著。     

Financial market and housing wealth effects on consumption: a permanent income approach

The objective of this study is to examine the financial market and housing wealth effects on consumption. Housing has the dual functions as both a commodity yielding a flow of housing services and an investment asset yielding a flow of capital income. With the construction of an empirical framework based on the vector autoregression approach, the findings from this study suggest that a rise in housing price has both a positive wealth effect and a negative price effect on consumption. While the positive wealth effect is caused by an increase in capital income, the negative price effect is caused by an increase in the cost of housing services. In addition, the housing market wealth effect increases, at the expense of the price effect, with the level of housing-market leverage. These findings imply that the government policy of land supply aiming to stimulate the economy should strike a balance between the possible wealth and price effects of the housing market.     

感知创业阻碍对创业行为倾向的影响——创业教育的调节作用

2015年以来，我国创业活跃度整体呈显著下滑趋势，影响国家经济高质量发展。基于SSO框架，构建感知创业阻碍对创业行为倾向的作用机制模型，揭示我国创业活跃度不高的原因，探讨创业教育对该机制的调节作用，从降低感知创业阻碍对创业行为倾向不良影响视角明确创业教育实施效果。采用259份创客问卷调研数据对研究模型进行实证检验，结果发现：在感知创业阻碍的3个维度中，感知失去金融资源对失败恐惧的正向影响最强，感知失去社会支持次之，感知失去市场需求对失败恐惧的正向影响不显著；失败恐惧对个体创业行为倾向具有直接阻碍作用；创业教育明显削弱了感知失去金融资源、感知失去社会支持对失败恐惧的正向影响，并降低了失败恐惧对创业行为倾向的阻碍作用。     

收入差距、挤出效应与高房价

本文考察了收入差距的扩大对城市房价的影响。研究表明,收入差距的扩大在微观上通过挤出效应、在宏观上通过储蓄率的上升引发过度住房投资,助长了房价。无论是用基尼系数表征的收入差距,还是用高收入阶层所占总收入的比例表征的收入差距,在经验分析上都与高房价高度正相关。这意味着改善收入分配或通过各种手段限制高收入者的住房投资需求应成为房地产调控的政策选择。     

A DYNAMIC MODEL OF HOUSING DEMAND: ESTIMATION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS*

Using data from the PSID, we estimate a dynamic model of housing demand with nonconvex adjustment costs, credit constraints, and uncertainty about income and home prices. We simulate how consumer behavior responds to house price and income declines as well as tightening credit. In response to a negative home price shock, households early in the life cycle climb the housing ladder more quickly and invest more in housing assets due to the lower price. With a concurrent negative income shock, however, housing demand falls among young and middle aged households who stay in smaller homes rather than to trade up.     

Capital Inflows and House Prices: Aggregate and Regional Evidence from China

Rising house prices in China have been of concern for investors and policymakers. Prices have risen substantially in the last decade, especially in large urban cities, and some economists have expressed concerns about the affordability of residential housing for young adults. This phenomenon becomes a major concern for policymakers, in terms of managing policies to balance the residential needs of individuals and the transition to a market economy. Theoretically, house prices ought to be linked to economic factors such as disposable income, availability of land to build and credit policy. However, it appears that traditional economic theories fail to appropriately explain house prices in China. We provide an explanation from the perspective of capital inflows into China. In terms of per capita remittances, China receives the highest inflow of foreign capital, and this may have a significant impact on risk adjusted returns in the Chinese market. To investigate this relationship, we use the vector error correction model to assess the impact of capital inflows on house prices. We find that capital inflows have a significant positive effect on house prices. The study makes important contributions to understanding the relationship between house prices and foreign remittances after controlling for other economic factors. China is a large economy. Because the impact of economic development in China has not been consistent across the country, we address the regional differences in the house price changes to capital inflows. Using regional data, we show that capital inflows have an asymmetric effect on the housing market across different provinces and cities of China. This has important implications for the development of economic policies in China that aim to provide fair access to residential housing for everyone. These findings are also relevant to investors in the housing market, whether investing for a personal residential home or as part of their diversified investment portfolio. It will also be informative to see how a reversal of capital inflows associated with tighter financing conditions in advanced countries will affect house prices in China.     

FDI与房价

本文在存量模型基础上,构建了一个外资参与的房地产市场局部均衡模型,考察了外资对房价的影响。理论模型显示,需求环节外资流入将导致房价上涨,开发环节外资流入将导致房价下降。本文使用中国35个大中城市1996-2010年的房地产市场和FDI数据,发现开发环节外资（FDI）对中国大中城市房价具有显著负向影响。另一方面,FDI与房价的影响是非对称的,FDI对房价的影响大于房价对FDI的影响。因此,为抑制高房价,在对需求环节外资（“热钱”）严格限制下,应鼓励外资进入房地产开发。此外,收入是影响房价的最主要因素;城市化越快,房价越容易上涨。     

Entrepreneurship and income inequality: a spatial panel data analysis

The main objective of this paper is to empirically analyze the relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality. We use a spatial panel data analysis for both 33 high-income countries and 39 middle- and low-income countries over a period of 11 years. Estimation results and rigorous diagnostic analysis suggest that: (i) there is a strong support for the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality espoused by the Kuznets Curve hypothesis; (ii) the relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality is negatively moderated by country’s level of economic development; (iii) regardless of income inequality levels, entrepreneurship has a non-linear relationship with income per capita; (iv) gross domestic expenditure on research and development exhibits significant negative impacts on entrepreneurship; (v) significant mixed effects on the likelihood of entrepreneurial activity are observed with governance, globalization, population growth rate, and competitiveness variables; (vi) there are significant mixed feedback effects on entrepreneurship; and (vii) there are statistically significant, positive as well as negative spatial spillovers to country-level entrepreneurial activity.     

中国35个大中城市房地产价格泡沫研究——基于“上偏”随机前沿模型的测算

本文用“上偏”随机前沿模型对2001—2009年中国35个大中城市的商品房价泡沫进行了测算,这一模型的特点是能够在一定程度上解决以往研究中测算出来的泡沫程度为负的问题。结果表明,房价的“基本价值”部分主要是由需求即收入拉动的。我国的商品房价确实有泡沫存在的现象,特别是一线城市的房价“泡沫化”相当严重,银行贷款是房价泡沫的主要原因之一。另外,高房价并不意味着高泡沫风险,低房价也不意味着没有泡沫风险。自2004年以后,泡沫的不确定性一直在增加。     

知识产权产业创业时空分布及影响因素研究——以黄河流域为例

基于企业工商注册时间界定创业企业，运用空间分析方法研究2005-2018年黄河流域知识产权产业创业时空分布演化格局及其影响因素。研究发现：①黄河流域知识产权产业创业规模和创业活力均有大幅提升，其中，创业规模的空间差距持续扩大，创业活力的空间差距呈现先缩小后扩大的发展趋势；②创业规模和创业活力的空间分布呈现显著的东高西低格局，创业活力的集聚特征比创业规模更显著，高值区域集中分布在典型城市化地区；③市场规模、工资溢价、创新水平、创业资本可获得性对知识产权产业创业规模和创业活力均有显著正向影响，富裕程度对创业规模有显著负向影响，这些影响机制均具有显著的空间溢出效应和空间异质性，并且在流域中下游地区的作用效果更突出。基于此，提出未来黄河流域需着力打造创业增长极，营造创新创业氛围，协调推进上中下游创业型经济发展，将知识产权创业作为黄河流域实现高质量发展和转型升级新方向的建议。     

房价收入比来源、用途及局限性

房价收入比是中国目前广为使用的城镇居民住房支付能力度量指标,许多文献将房价收入比4-6作为国际标准,也有部分文献探讨了房价收入比存在的问题,但这些文献均建立在房价收入可合理度量住房支付能力的假设上。探讨了房价收入比来源、用途及局限性,结果表明：中国文献中常引用的＂4-6＂标准,不是发展中国家房价收入比的国际标准;房价收入比是中观或宏观指标,而不是微观指标,不能度量住户住房支付能力;房价收入比不能反映收入增长、非住房支出等因素对住房支付能力的影响,即不能合理度量住房支付能力。     

What drives housing dynamics in China? A sign restrictions VAR approach

We study housing dynamics in China using vector autoregressions identified with theory-consistent sign restrictions. We study seven potential drivers: (1) population increases; (2) a relaxation of credit standards, for example, due to the shadow banking system; (3) increasing preferences towards housing, for example, due to a housing bubble, or to housing being a status asset in the marriage market; (4) an increase in the savings rate; (5) expected productivity progress; (6) changes in land supply; and (7) tax policy, a proxy for policy stimulus. Our results show that, even if all shocks play relevant roles, productivity, savings glut, and policy stimulus have been the dominant drivers. When the sample is closer to 2014, housing preferences and credit shocks increase their importance to explain house prices and volume, while population shocks explain a larger share of the dynamics of residential investment. The results show some differences if we use house price indices constructed by the government or by private sources. The official indices show smaller increases in house prices and assign a smaller role to credit and preference shocks.     

科技创业政策作用机理:政策连续性、稳定性及倍增效应视角

科技创业活动伴生的企业形成、成果转化、新产品产生、新价值创造等活动具有复杂性与多变性,决定了单靠目前我国不太成熟的创业市场资源自主配置方式难以满足其要求,迫切需要国家和地方政府在政策层面提供强有力的支撑。基于创业认知、创业导向、创业网络等理论构建理论框架,运用结构方程模型以及调节效应模型对武汉市243家科技创业企业进行统计分析。研究结论主要包括:科技创业政策主题对于科技创业政策的效果不具有显著的正向影响;科技创业政策的连续性和稳定性以及倍增效应对科技创业政策主题影响科技创业成效具有显著的正向调节效应。     

Estimating fundamental and affordable housing price trends: a study based on Singapore

Policy-makers often impose some cooling measures on the housing market when housing prices rise fast. Such policies yield limited success if housing prices are driven up by fundamentals. Estimating a fundamental price trend from observed price data is a challenge. We present an empirical methodology to separate housing price trends into fundamental and affordable components. Deviating from the common practice, we replace current income by a long-run income measure constructed from household incomes at different quantiles. This income measure provides a more suitable basis for constructing affordable house price levels. It also serves as a better fundamental variable, especially for segmented housing markets like that of Singapore. These price trends provide policy-makers with useful information to intervene into property markets to achieve desirable outcomes. Analysing Singapore data using this methodology shows the magnitudes of the price gaps between actual and fundamental prices and how housing affordability fluctuates over price cycles.     

Modelling the demand for housing over the life cycle

We model individual demand for housing over the life cycle, and show the aggregate implications of this behaviour. Individuals delay purchasing their first home when incomes are low or uncertain. Higher house prices lead households to downsize, rather than to stop being owners. Fixed costs (property transactions taxes) have important impacts on welfare (a wealth effect) and house purchase decisions (substitution effect). In aggregate, positive house price shocks lead to consumption booms among the old but falls in consumption for the young, and reduced housing demand; positive income shocks lead to consumption booms among the young and increased housing demand.