Innovating SMEs and Regions: The Need for Policy Intelligence and Interactive Policies

Based on the empirical findings achieved through comparative research involving 40 innovation policy instruments from 11 European regions, this paper proposes a shift in rationale and in the broad orientations of innovation policy to focus on addressing SMEs in their regional context. The main role for innovation policy, which aims to increase the capacity of a region and the capabilities of its SMEs to innovate, is to foster interactive learning within the firms and within the region. This calls for an interactive mode of policy intervention. The paper deals also with the question of how to build a coherent portfolio of policy instruments, taking into account both regional situations and specific SMEs needs in terms of innovation. The key message is that there is no 'one-size-fits-all' policy portfolio. Regional differences in innovation capabilities call for a tailored mix of policy instruments. One salient element of the conclusion is the need for more 'policy intelligence' in this complex field.     

学习型城市的创建模式及其实践

在世界经济日趋全球化、信息化、知识化、网络化的今天,以区位空间结构、生产要素禀赋为基础的传统区域发展模式越来越难以适应时代要求,而以学习、创新和网络为基础的学习型区域——一种新型的区域发展模式则日显强大的竞争力。目前,国内外许多城市或区域提出了建设“学习型城市”、“学习型社会”的目标,但各地对如何创建学习型城市还不太明确,依据不同的理论出现了不同的创建模式。本文试图对学习型城市创建模式做一初步探讨,并进一步阐述如何创建学习型城市。     

员工-顾客认同、互动式替代学习与服务创新的机制研究

知识与技术的快速迭代,使得服务业企业进行服务创新的挑战更加艰巨,员工对知识与技术类操作性资源的应用能力起到关键作用。基于社会网络理论与知识基础观理论构建研究知识密集型服务业企业服务创新的微观路径,对322个服务业企业问卷调查进行实证分析。研究结果表明员工-顾客认同对员工服务创新有正向影响,并可以通过员工的互动式替代学习影响服务创新;知识治理对员工-顾客认同与互动式替代学习的关系具有显著的调节效应。     

Innovating SMEs and Regions: The Need for Policy Intelligence and Interactive Policies

Based on the empirical findings achieved through comparative research involving 40 innovation policy instruments from 11 European regions, this paper proposes a shift in rationale and in the broad orientations of innovation policy to focus on addressing SMEs in their regional context. The main role for innovation policy, which aims to increase the capacity of a region and the capabilities of its SMEs to innovate, is to foster interactive learning within the firms and within the region. This calls for an interactive mode of policy intervention. The paper deals also with the question of how to build a coherent portfolio of policy instruments, taking into account both regional situations and specific SMEs needs in terms of innovation. The key message is that there is no 'one-size-fits-all' policy portfolio. Regional differences in innovation capabilities call for a tailored mix of policy instruments. One salient element of the conclusion is the need for more 'policy intelligence' in this complex field.     

区域创新能力研究:社会资本视角

社会资本是实际或潜在的资源的集合体,这些资源同对大家共同熟悉或认可的制度化关系的持久网络的占有联系在一起。通过社会资本,各行为主体可以直接获得社会网络中他人拥有的经济资源。区域创新不仅是一个物质层面的创造工作,更是一个复杂的社会学过程。文章在介绍社会资本和区域创新网络相关理论的基础上,分析了社会资本对区域创新作用机制,从社会资本角度提出提升区域创新能力对策和措施,旨在增强区域竞争优势,推动区域经济的发展。     

What is evolutionary about ‘regional systems of innovation’? Implications for regional policy

The literature on Regional Systems of Innovation (RSI) has produced an extensive body of research in recent years and has been used widely as a framework for the design and implementation of policies in a variety of regional contexts. However, certain lack of clarity remains in relation to the defining elements and the dynamics of RSI, which make it difficult to operationalize and to articulate properly the concept for policy purposes. This lack of clarity is motivated by the fact that the concept of RSI is influenced by a number of theories and approaches, in particular institutional, systemic and evolutionary approaches to innovation and learning. As a result of this mix of influences, the concept of RSI derives different and even conflicting theoretical assumptions and policy rationales. The paper advocates a more coherent evolutionary articulation of regional systems and a better understanding of the complexity surrounding policy processes.     

学习型区域创新系统及地方政府的作用研究

区域学习和创新能力是区域经济发展的关键因素。本文在梳理国内外相关研究的基础上,界定了学习型区域创新系统的内涵,分析了其主体元素及其学习与创新二者之间的作用机理,并指出了地方政府在构建学习型区域创新系统中应发挥的作用。     

Study on the modes of metropolitan innovation system

Building regional innovation system has become the important means to upgrade competence of both country and region. Based on comparatively analysis of the metropolitan innovation systems of major innovation centers in the world, this paper concludes four modes of metropolitan innovation system, which are comprehensive knowledge innovation, venture entrepreneurship, learning and overtaking, and Science Park as a carder. According to the four modes and tri-spiral theory of RIS, this paper designs the mode of Shanghai innovation system of overtaking by learning, emphasizing composite innovation player combined firm, university and government, and the strategic aim to build regional and even international innovation center through knowledge innovation, systemic innovation, organizational innovation, cultural innovation and effective control.     

The Dynamic ‘Diamond’: A Technological Innovation Perspective

A firm's local environment can constitute a source of national or regional cornpetitive advantage. An important question, therefore, is how these environments come about and how they can be lost. In this paper, we argue that a local environment is a function of the process of technological evolution. It is a function of how certain initial and prevailing conditions, the type of innovation, and chance events, influence the processes of uncertainty resolution, capabilities building, and survivor selection that are characteristic of technological evolution. We also argue that a region can lose its advantage when a dominant design emerges or when a technological discontinuity obsoletes the localized technological capabilities of not only manufacturers, but also of their suppliers, customers and related industries. The environment is dynamic as firms and nations, in response to their performances, also influence it by changing their strategies or policies.     

智慧专业化视角下区域资源集聚与区域创新驱动发展

传统发展动力逐渐式微，创新驱动成为区域经济发展的新引擎。走创新驱动发展道路，需要新的经济理论解释、构建并指导各区域经济增长方式和发展模式转型。智慧专业化是一种新兴经济理论，能够较好解释区域创新驱动发展的内在动力。智慧专业化有效支撑区域资源集聚与区域创新驱动发展相关性研究，从资源内存性和外向性、资源技术和经济属性以及资源支持程度3个方面，论述区域创新驱动发展的动力来源与动力持续性，进而解释区域创新驱动发展资源集聚对区域创新驱动发展绩效的影响。     

科技服务业何以激发区域创新“一池活水”——基于中国内地31个省级区域的fsQCA分析

为了探究科技服务业对区域创新能力提升的影响机制,以我国内地31个省级区域为研究样本,运用模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA）,选取技术、人才、资金、市场、产业、基建、政策7个条件变量,从条件组态视角,探讨科技服务业促进区域创新能力提升的组态构型和发展路径。结果显示,科技服务业并不能通过单个变量达到提升区域创新能力的效果,而是通过条件组态形式发挥作用;技术、市场、产业是促进区域创新能力提升的核心条件,三者的变化组合分别在不同条件组态中发挥关键作用;科技服务业促进区域创新能力提升的路径有5条,可以归纳为4种模式：技术+市场+产业驱动型、技术+产业驱动型、市场驱动型、技术+市场驱动型。     

组织学习与组织创新关系的元分析——维度分化和边界效应

采用元分析对组织学习与组织创新关系进行精确估算，并从维度分化、边界效应视角探讨二者关系的演化规律。结果发现：组织学习显著促进组织创新；探索式/利用式学习与突破式/渐进式创新呈正相关，但探索式学习对突破式创新的促进作用更显著，利用式学习则反之；中国文化对二者关系的提升作用显著强于西方文化，组织学习完整构念对组织创新的影响程度大于单一维度，而地区发达程度和所属行业并未显现出调节作用。     

协同创新、区域一体化与创新绩效

协同创新是区域协同发展的内在动力。运用2002-2014年京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大区域省际或各地市数据,应用复合系统协同度模型与数据包络法度量协同创新度和创新绩效,构建了协同创新对创新绩效影响的计量模型;应用空间计量技术对区域一体化与创新绩效的关系进行分析。结果表明,除珠三角外,长三角和京津冀协同创新活动对创新绩效无显著影响;区域一体化程度越高,区域内部创新绩效分布越均衡;“企业自身投入”与“政府资助”等内生要素是促进区域一体化和提升创新绩效的主要动力。因此,应促进区域内部生产要素自由、合理流动,实现创新资源有效溢出,提升区域发展内生动力,加深区域一体化程度,提高创新效率。     

包容性创新环境对区域创新绩效的影响

首先利用熵值法从基础设施环境、创新性教育、主体、投资、制度、金融环境以及市场化程度7个方面对我国内地31个省（市）包容性创新环境进行测度。利用2011-2015年数据检验包容性创新环境与区域创新绩效之间的关系。结果表明，包容性创新环境对区域创新绩效有显著影响。最后，为了营造良好的包容性创新环境，提出东部地区要避免城镇化过程中出现“极化效应”，形成对中西部地区及东北地区的“涓滴效应”，中部地区构建创新的“洼地效应”以及西部地区形成“本地市场效应”等建议。     

Enhancing innovation through learning: the roles of market orientation and interorganisational knowledge stores

Drawing on the organisational learning theory, this study regards market orientation as a market-based learning and seeks to advance insight into how market orientation and interorganisational knowledge stores together affect different types of innovation. Our findings from a sample of 246 manufacturing firms provide supporting evidence for the positive effect of market orientation on both explorative and exploitative innovation. The effect of market orientation on innovation gets amplified when firms possess large amount of interorganisational knowledge, demonstrating the synergistic effect produced by different types of learning which is less known. This study, therefore, sheds light on the under-researched area of literature surrounding the interaction between different learning activities and the roles of knowledge from different sources on firm innovation.     

技术集成下模块化产品创新实现路径研究

为探究本土企业如何实现模块化产品创新并借以突破“低端锁定”，以190家本土企业数据为样本，运用多元回归方法，分析技术集成能力对模块化产品创新的影响以及利用式学习、探索式学习、模块可降解性的调节效应。实证结果表明，技术集成能力对不同层次模块化产品创新即模块创新和架构创新都有显著直接影响；探索式学习在技术集成能力对两类模块化产品创新的影响路径中均存在显著正向调节作用；利用式学习在技术集成能力对模块创新的影响路径中存在显著正向调节作用，但是对架构创新的影响有限；模块可降解性在企业技术集成能力与两类产品创新中均存在显著正向调节作用。     

Novel naval technologies: Sustaining or disrupting naval doctrine

The defense sector is generally known to be simultaneously conservative and enthusiastic about novel technologies. Uptake of new technologies by the military may differ depending on the perceived impact of new technologies. Introduction of technological changes can sustain or disrupt doctrine and (promoters of) new technologies may be met with less or more resistance respectively. We analyzed dynamics in naval innovation cases to investigate how different types of technological change became associated with either sustaining or disruptive doctrinal innovations. In order to analyze dynamics in the cases, an analytical framework was developed which highlighted a set of factors shaping naval innovation processes.     

经济环境、环境规制类型与省域节能减排技术创新——基于异质性科研主体的实证分析

采用模糊集定性比较分析法（fsQCA），以经济集聚、区域开放、研发主体构成、命令型环境规制、市场型环境规制为前因条件，评估2011-2018年中国内地（除西藏外）30个省市的节能减排技术创新情况。结果显示，省域节能减排技术创新绩效是由前因因素组合决定的，引致高绩效的路径不唯一；经济集聚、区域开放是产生高绩效的重要条件。省域节能减排技术创新绩效与研发主体构成密切相关，在公共研究机构占主导的省域，命令型规制的作用显著；在企业占主导的省域，命令型规制的效果取决于经济环境，而市场型规制总体上不利于节能减排技术创新。该研究结果有助于丰富节能减排技术创新理论，同时，为不同经济环境下的政策制定提供决策依据。     

区域创新系统中企业知识共享策略分析

构建了区域创新系统中企业知识共享的演化博弈模型,从理论上分析了模型的平衡点及稳定性条件。结果表明:只要有一个博弈方进行知识共享的额外收益小于其知识吸收与学习成本,博弈结局必然是所有博弈方不共享知识;当博弈双方进行知识共享的额外收益均大于其知识吸收与学习成本时,博弈结局有可能是共享知识,也有可能是不共享知识,具体结局与初始点的状态存在密切关系。最后提出促进区域创新系统中企业知识共享的建议。     

Firm ownership,industrial structure,and regional innovation performance in China's provinces

This paper uses panel data between 2000 and 2010 to explore how firm ownership and regional industrial structures contribute to regional innovation performance in Chinese provinces. Specifically, we explore how the extent of specialisation and diversification in regional industrial structures at the province level fosters both Marshall–Arrow–Romer and Jacobs spillovers, as well as how foreign and state ownership influence regional innovation. We find: (i) China's regional innovation systems benefit from Jacobs but not MAR externalities, with the former spurring higher quality innovation in the form of increased invention patenting; (ii) state-owned enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises advance local innovation, with the latter again fostering higher quality innovation; and (iii) a convergence towards a combination of low specialisation and high diversity in provincial industrial structure is taking place between China's more developed inland coastal provinces and less developed inland provinces. Implications and suggestions for policy-making and future research are discussed.