System innovation through stepwise reconfiguration: the case of technological transitions in Dutch greenhouse horticulture (1930–1980)

Although transitions are usually perceived as technological substitution processes, the article shows that stepwise reconfiguration is more likely for supplier-dominated sectors. In this transition pattern, novelties are initially adopted as ‘modular innovation’ into existing systems and subsequently reconfigure the basic architecture through new combinations of old and new elements. Incumbent actors survive these transitions through interactions with suppliers of knowledge and innovations. Using Pavitt's innovation typology, we selected a case study from his supplier-dominated category: greenhouse farming. The article makes a techno-economic analysis of the overall transition pattern in Dutch greenhouse horticulture (1930–1980) and a socio-institutional analysis of the knowledge flows and networks. ‘Innovation cascades’ are identified as a particularly important mechanism in reconfiguration transitions.     

试论制度创新决定技术创新

创新是一个系统,不是个体行为.在创新系统中,主体与客体是多样的、分层次的.一个国家的创新活动主要体现在两个层面:即自然技术创新与社会技术创新.在创新中,企业是技术创新的主体,政府是制度创新(社会技术创新)的主体.新制度经济学认为,制度创新决定技术创新.著名经济学家吴敬琏在总结原苏联及我国的改革实践后也得出了同样的结论.我国当前面临的结构调整与经济转型的实质就是创新问题.技术创新是有成本的,这种成本不取决于创新成本本身,而主要取决于制度成本与风险.当外部成本与风险过大时,创新收益无法保证,创新主体就会放弃创新,进而选择投机取巧.     

How and where the R&D takes place in creative industries? Digital investment strategies of the book publishing sector*

The innovative and strategic models of creative industries (CIs) in the digital economy are capturing an increasing interest in recent years. Yet, most of the literature deals with creation and talent and very little with technological and innovation perspectives. Innovation is in general considered from a single viewpoint: a means to develop new creative contents. This article investigates an important issue that has been surprisingly neglected in scientific literature and public reports: the topic of R&D and technological innovations in CIs. The article characterises how and where R&D takes place in the book publishing industry. A systematic identification of R&D developments concerning e-book technology has been achieved using an original methodology set up to feature the technological strategic evolutions. The results provide a reliable cartography of the value chain through an adaptation of the open systems interconnection layers model. This framework helps to understand the new digital ecosystem of the book publishing sector and the strategies carried out by the editorial houses.     

Innovation in the medical device sector: an open business model approach for high-tech small firms

Innovation in the medical device industry is progressing rapidly with many technologies heralded as major breakthroughs. The public are often well informed about these matters, which results in a patient pull for innovations that are years from market. HTSFs operating in this environment face huge challenges in terms of realising the latent economic potential from new innovations. Open innovation offers the prospect of lower costs for innovation, faster times to market, and the chance to share risks. By developing open business models medical device companies can capture the multifaceted ideas of scientists, engineers, clinicians and indeed patients; thus allowing beneficial technologies to reach the market more quickly in a way that is evidence focused. This study uses a qualitative approach to investigate the explicit and implicit business models within HTSFs in the health care sector and provides a useful contribution to understand the challenges and identify solutions in this multi-stakeholder environment.     

Technological Innovations and the Interest Rate

We build a dynamic general equilibrium model that adds a banking sector to the standard RBC model. We look at the response of the real interest rate to innovations in the banks' technology and in the nonbank firms' technology. While technological innovations in the nonbanking sector put upward pressure on the interest rate, technological innovations in banks exert downward pressure on the interest rate. This implies that, if the technological innovations in banks are strong enough, stochastic simulation experiments generate negative correlations between the real interest rate and current and future values of real output. This is especially significant because negative correlations between the interest rate and output are a key post-war U.S. business cycle fact difficult to replicate in benchmark dynamic models.     

战略网络联结强度对技术创新的作用机制研究——以陕西鼓风机集团为例

创新是企业在当今动态变化的环境中获取竞争优势的必要条件。随着企业技术创新范式的转变,企业的技术创新成果不仅源自企业内部的资源和能力,还源自企业所嵌入的战略网络的资源和能力。本文以陕西鼓风机集团为案例研究对象,从企业战略网络视角切入,具体研究联结强度对企业技术创新的作用。研究显示,联结强度对企业渐进性创新有正向影响,对突变性创新有负向影响。并且,这种影响是间接的,需要通过组织学习这一中介环节的传递来产生效应。     

商业模式创新与技术创新匹配性对后发企业绩效的影响——来自年报文本分析的实证研究

以2014—2019年沪深A股成长期上市公司作为后发企业代表，借助Word2Vec的文本分析方法，基于公司年度财务数据度量后发企业商业模式创新水平，实证研究后发企业追赶过程中商业模式创新、技术创新以及二者匹配性与企业绩效间的作用机理。结果发现：商业模式创新对后发企业绩效具有显著正向影响；技术创新对后发企业绩效具有显著正向影响；商业模式创新和技术创新的平衡性与后发企业绩效正相关；商业模式创新和技术创新的组合性与后发企业绩效正相关。结果表明，对于后发企业而言，商业模式创新与技术创新为互补关系，而非互替关系，二者间的匹配性对后发企业绩效提升具有增强型交互作用。     

新零售商业模式场景化创新的理论框架与实现路径研究

随着场景化要素在新零售嵌入程度的逐渐深入,一方面凸显出新零售商业模式未能紧跟时代发展的事实;另一方面也为新零售商业模式的加速创新提供了条件.从商业模式的场景化视角出发,首先对现有新零售商业模式进行解构,其次将场景化要素融入解构的商业模式要素之中,使商业模式要素具有场景化功能,进而形成新零售商业模式创新的理论框架,再次以新零售商业模式的场景化价值重构为触点,以新零售商业模式的场景化创新为痛点,设计了新零售商业模式场景化创新的实现路径.最后运用多案例的研究方法对新零售商业模式的场景化创新进行实证,研究结果表明场景化是新零售商业模式创新的方向,价值主张是新零售商业模式创新的遗传物质,而场景化商业情境配置则是新零售商业模式创新的核心能力.     

Strategic niche management of social innovations: the case of social entrepreneurship

Strategic niche management (SNM), a tool to understand and manage radical socio-technical innovations and facilitate their diffusion, has always departed from a technical artefact. Many radical innovations, however, do not revolve around such an artefact. Social entrepreneurship is a new business model that combines a social goal with a business mentality and is heralded as an important new way to create social value such as sustainability. This study examines if and how SNM can be applied to such a social innovation. It identifies theoretical and practical limitations and proposes solutions. The main conclusion is that SNM can be used to analyse radical social innovation, although it requires rethinking the initial entry point for research and management. Exemplifying quotes are proposed as an alternative. Second, this paper suggests using values to describe niche–regime interaction as a better way to anticipate future niche–regime interactions.     

初创企业未获取价值与商业模式创新

技术或业务升级会产生新价值和放大原先的一些未获取价值。作为技术与商业绩效之间的中介变量，商业模式创新在商业变革中发挥了非常重要的作用。技术或业务升级中产生的未获取价值和资源拼凑是初创企业成长的两个新兴议题，关系到商业模式及其创新。采用单案例法深度分析某初创企业后发现：①商业模式创新存在新的驱动因素与机制;②商业模式创新不仅是认知活动与过程，也是实践活动与过程;③任何初创企业的商业模式中都隐藏着未获取价值，但将不同未获取价值转变成现实价值需要不同拼凑行为。最后，基于上述发现，为初创企业识别技术创新升级中的未获取价值、开展拼凑活动和商业模式创新提出对策建议。     

Measuring intensity of technological change: The seismic approach

The abundance of typologies, within the economics of innovation, has resulted in the same name being used for different innovation types and the same innovation being classified under different typologies. The present research introduces the Scale of Innovation Intensity (SIIN) based on metataxonomy that subsumes other, less comprehensive taxonomies. The SIIN is similar to the seismic Mercalli's scale used to measure the intensity of earthquakes. The impact of technological change is measured by an indicator, called magnitude, based on the impact of technological innovations on the economic system. The theory is applied to some product and process innovations such as agricultural mechanization, aircraft technology, muffler catalytic, aluminum processing, etc. The results show that some innovations have a higher technological intensity and energy (economic impact) on well-being than others. Some concluding remarks are discussed in the final part of this research.     

Combining the technological innovation systems framework with the entrepreneurs’ perspective on innovation

For their technological sustainability innovations to become successful, entrepreneurs can strategically shape the technological field in which they are involved. The technological innovation systems (TISs) literature has generated valuable insights into the processes which need to be stimulated for the successful development and implementation of innovative sustainability technologies. To explore the applicability of the TIS framework from the perspective of entrepreneurs, we conducted a case study in the Dutch smart grids sector. We found that the TIS framework generally matches the perspectives of entrepreneurs. For its use by entrepreneurs, we suggest a slight adaptation of this framework. The process ‘Market formation’ needs to be divided into processes that are driven by the government and processes that are driven by entrepreneurs. There should be a greater emphasis on collaborative marketing, on changing user behaviour and preferences and on the development of fair and feasible business models.     

制造企业技术创新与商业模式创新协同演化:一个多案例研究

制造企业发展过程表明,技术创新和商业模式创新之间存在复杂的协同演化关系。结合多案例研究方法,分析制造企业演化过程中技术创新和商业模式创新的匹配模式、协同演化关系。结果发现：技术创新和商业模式创新动态演化存在3种模式：简单线性模式、反馈控制模式、复杂系统模式。基于此,构建技术创新和商业模式创新协同演化模型,指出协同演化呈现“创新-调整-适应”等复杂的螺旋化发展过程,并提出技术创新和商业模式创新协同演化的3种机制：互动机制、学习机制、选择与反馈机制。突破了关于技术创新和商业模式创新之间简单的线性关系和静态视角,从动态视角分析技术创新和商业模式创新协同演化,补充和修正了技术创新和商业模式创新关系的认识,丰富了现有创新演化理论。研究结论对中国制造企业实施创新战略的启示在于：单一创新虽然在一定程度上能为制造企业带来盈利,但是其作用和持续性均有限,技术创新和商业模式创新有效协同是制造企业竞争力持续提升的关键。     

Conditional factors Pushing catch-up across developed and emerging countries in the nanotechnology sector, 2000–2010

ABSTRACT

The aim of this article is to test national and sectorial technological and innovation capability factors, as well as social capability indicators, which could explain a possible conditional convergence across countries in nanotechnology within the context of a model of innovative technological knowledge β convergence. Based on growth convergence models, our proposal also takes into account the Schumpeterian theory, the National System Innovation –NSI– approach, and particularly the sectorial system of innovation and the technological catch-up hypothesis, as well as theoretical and empirical literature on conditional convergence. The findings allow us to confirm that new nanotechnology knowledge convergence is conditioned by a higher growth rate of technological capabilities in nanotechnology: growth from the initial level of patents granted, cumulative knowledge, and links to technological and scientific activities. Finally, as regards social capabilities, only the institutional weakness variable (corruption index) associates negatively with β convergence. As an emergent paradigm, we realize that convergence and catch-up are starting processes, which could allow less technologically developed countries to benefit from higher growth of some of the factors identified.     

技术市场对重大科技创新影响的实证分析——技术输出与技术吸纳视角

利用2006-2018年全国省级面板数据，从技术吸纳和技术输出视角研究技术市场对重大科技创新的影响。结果发现，技术输出和技术吸纳对重大科技创新的影响呈现异质状态，即技术输出能够显著促进重大科技创新水平提升，而技术吸纳对重大科技创新的影响不显著。考虑到技术输出与重大科技创新可能存在内生性问题，选取劳动争议处理量作为工具变量进行回归，研究表明该结果具有稳健性。此外，研发人员与经费投入、高等教育水平等因素在促进重大科技创新水平提升过程中具有一定局限性。基于此，提出强化技术市场对重大科技创新影响效应的对策建议。     

创业孵化推动创新引领经济发展的机理分析与实证检验

“十四五”规划提出坚持创新在现代化建设中的核心地位。创业孵化是推动创新引领经济发展的重要环节,是新一轮产业变革的重要载体。孵化器资源整合通过帕累托改进提高资源配置效率,孵化投资通过收入效应提高规模效率,技术服务通过替代效应提高技术效率,进而推动创新引领经济发展。基于2010-2019年中国内地省际面板数据,使用Bootstrap方法、逐步回归法及sobel模型检验创业孵化影响资源配置效率、规模效率与技术效率的中介效应。结果发现：孵化器数量、人员投入、风险投资及技术服务对资源配置效率、规模效率与技术效率具有显著中介效应,创业孵化通过创新产业化路径推动创新引领经济发展。据此,提出如下对策建议：①以平台化、网络化路径扩大孵化器体量,提高资源配置效率;②优化创业孵化资金“入、转、退”制度,提升规模效率;③建设“孵化器4.0”模式众创空间,提升技术效率。     

日本创新体制的经验教训及其借鉴

导致日本战后经济成功的创新体制为什么要对近年来日本国际竞争力的不断下降负有重要责任?本文认为，日本创新体制在以工艺创新为主的渐进创新方面具有独特的优势，但由于日本目前在灵活生产方式、产业信息化和创造新产业方面所遭遇的严重困难，这种优势难以发挥。特别是，由于基础研究和大学体制等方面的落后，日本创新体制无法适应激进创新的要求，从而未能抓住跨越式科技发展的机遇。本文还通过日美比较和德美赶超英国经验的总结，扼要讨论了日本的经验教训对我国“科教兴国”战略所提供的重要启示。     

CVC投资模式对大公司技术创新绩效影响的实证研究

公司风险投资（Corporate Venture Capital,简称CVC）通常发生在技术变革快速、竞争激烈的行业。大公司利用CVC,可以获取新技术、开拓新市场、识别新机会和发展商业关系,在实现公司技术创新绩效战略目标的同时提升财务绩效。由于投资动机、组织者背景和机制等不同,在实践中形成的不同CVC投资模式在不同程度上影响着大公司技术创新绩效。基于CVC投资模式对技术创新绩效的作用,提出研究假设,并以CVC比较活跃的腾讯、阿里巴巴等12家上市公司2013-2018年参与的918个CVC投资事件为样本,采用T检验和单因素方差分析方法,就CVC投资模式对技术创新绩效的影响进行实证研究。结果表明：①不同CVC投资模式对大公司技术创新绩效的影响存在显著差异;②联盟模式对技术创新投入与产出的影响显著优于附属创投和委托投资模式;③大公司应结合自身资金、经验和风险承受能力选择相应的CVC投资模式。     

科技金融支持科技创新力度研究——以山东省为例

科技创新与科技金融相结合,是建设自主创新型国家战略规划的需求,是提升科技创新水平和深化金融改革的必要选择。利用索洛余值法测算山东省科技创新水平,实证分析科技金融对科技创新的支持力度,结果表明,山东省是银行主导型科技金融模式,政府财政科技投入与商业银行信贷资金是科技创新能力提升的原因,而资本市场资金并不是科技创水平提升的原因,据此提出完善山东省科技金融体系的相关政策建议。     

Patterns of innovation diffusion and technological competition in Portuguese manufacturing and service industries

This article uses data from the Portuguese Community Innovation Survey (CIS III) to analyse the inter‐industry heterogeneity in the diffusion of innovations and level of technological competition in Portuguese manufacturing and service industries. The industries are classified with reference to the relationship between the level of participation in innovation and the strategies of innovative firms. Methods of multivariate statistics are used to synthesize the data and to group the observations into subsets. Four distinctive innovation patterns are identified, defined along the following dimensions: output‐orientation of innovation, importance of disembodied innovation, role of technologically advanced innovation and level of innovation opportunities. It is also found that high levels of technological competition tend to occur in sectors with relatively low dimension, productivity and overall investment.