“关系”和教育对中国居民收入的影响——基于CGSS调查数据的实证分析

文章基于全国综合社会调查数据（CGSS）,利用OLS回归和分位数回归方法分析“关系”和教育对中国居民收入的影响。研究发现：“关系”和教育对中国居民的收入有正向促进作用,在选取有效的工具变量克服了“关系”和教育的内生性之后,上述结果依然稳健,并且“关系”和教育存在负向交叉效应。“关系”的回报率随着收入的增加而上升,而教育的回报率却随收入的增加而下降。比较“关系”和教育在不同的分位点对城镇居民和农村居民收入的影响后发现,农村居民“关系”的回报率随收入的增加而上升,而城镇居民“关系”的回报率呈“u”型,并且对在各个分位点上,城镇居民的教育回报率要高于农村居民的教育回报率。     

我国低收入群体的现状及增收对策分析

随着市场经济的发展,特别是20世纪90年代以来,我国居民收入的不平等程度越来越严重,国家统计局发表的<中国统计年鉴>上的数字,1990年城镇最低收入户居民与最高收入户居民收入之比为1:3.27,到2001年扩大到1:5.39;1990年,农村高收入户的居民收入与低收入户居民收入之比为1:6.7,到2001年上升到1:9.3;若将城乡居民的收入加总,然后从农村居民和城镇居民在总收入的比重方面来考察,可以发现过去十几年里,农村人口所占收入比重由1990年62.2%下降到2001年48.5%,而城市居民所占收入比重由37.8%上升到51.5%,从国家统计局发布的数字来看,还有不断增大的趋势.由此可以看出,高收入群体占有的收入份额迅速上升、低收入群体占有的收入份额在不断下降,城市人口占有的收入份额不断扩大、农民占有的收入份额不断缩小,我国的收入不平等状况日益严重.而随着我国居民不平等状况的加剧,目前在我国的居民中已经基本上形成了三个收入群体,高收入群体、中等收入群体和低收入群体.     

中国居民获取收入的机会是否公平:基于收入流动性的微观计量

本文从收入流动性的视角,研究中国居民获取收入的机会公平性,通过考察居民收入流动性的强弱和结构,分析居民收入流动性的影响因素。研究发现:居民获取收入的机会公平性在下降,中国居民收入流动性的变化呈现U型特征,不同阶层和不同区域的居民收入流动性存在差异:农村收入流动性高于城市,但城乡间和地区间收入流动性较弱,收入分配格局有僵化趋势。收入结构、家庭特征、工作状态、职业特征和地理位置对居民收入流动性影响显著,增加居民商业性收入和工资性收入,提高其受教育年限,增加其从事第二职业的机会,监管和规范政府官员、国企高管、垄断行业员工的薪酬,是打破收入分配僵化格局,保障机会公平的良方。     

教育扩张能改善收入分配差距吗?——来自CHNS2006年数据的证据

运用中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）2006年的数据,这篇论文旨在探讨教育如何影响中国转型期劳动者的收入。从回归结果看,我们发现教育水平只解释了个人收入以及不同群体间收入差距的较小部分。运用分位回归的方法,发现低收入阶层的教育收益率可能更低或不显著,这不利于缩小收入差距和缓解贫困。对于教育而言,不同教育水平的收益率变化比教育水平本身的变化对收入分配有更大的影响,与教育水平相关的劳动时间、就业单位也对收入产生较大的影响。论文的政策含义在于单纯教育扩张并不必然缩小收入差距,要使教育的收益率真正反映生产率的差异,需要改善劳动力市场的扭曲状况、缩小不同部门的工资差异。     

制约我区居民财产性收入增长的因素分析

在家庭收入来源多元化的背景下,财产性收入将成为居民收入中不可或缺的组成部分。我区居民的财产性收入虽然基数小,在城镇居民人均可支配收入和农牧民人均纯收入中所占比重较小,但增长势头非常迅猛。随着居民投资、理财渠道的拓宽,财产性收入将呈现出更快增长的趋势。因此,从制度和体制上     

农村土地产权改革对中等收入群体的影响研究

扩大中等收入群体是实现全面建成小康社会目标的必然要求,要素资源的收入分配机制深刻地影响着中等收入群体的扩大.当前,农村土地产权改革,一方面通过促进农民收入增加,使更多的农村居民挤身于全国居民中等收入群体;另一方面又存在扩大农村内部居民收入差距的隐忧.为促进农村中等收入群体的培育和扩大,在推进农村土地产权改革中,要让农民获得更多的土地收益,要兼顾效率与公平,避免两极分化,要为推进非农产业发展和非农就业,创造坚实基础条件.     

中国西部地区居民收入差距与社会福利分解研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章通过分析1998-2015年间总体、城镇和农村居民收入来源及相关数据,运用基尼系数和社会福利分析方法进行分解结果表明:中国西部地区居民收入差距呈现出阶段性波动和趋同发展特征,但内部变动趋势程度不同。农村居民收入差距2003年以前低于城镇居民,随后高于城镇居民,并且两者差距逐渐增大,由此导致城镇社会福利水平高于农村福利水平。居民收入差距在很大程度上阻碍社会福利水平的提高,总体、农村和城镇收入差距分别导致各自社会福利减少0.81%、3.48%和0.58%,其中农村影响程度最大。     

高校扩招与教育回报率的城乡差异——基于断点回归的设计

文章基于中国家庭收入调查项目数据（2007年与2013年）,在断点回归设计的框架下分析1999年实施的高校扩招政策对城乡居民受教育年限、收入及教育回报率的影响。结果表明：第一,高校扩招政策的实施使农村居民的平均受教育年限提高了0.59年左右,使城镇居民的平均受教育年限提高了0.85年左右。第二,在断点回归的设计下,农村居民的教育回报率大约为11%,城镇居民的教育回报率大约为8%,高于OLS的估计。虽然实证结果显示教育回报并不存在城乡间的马太效应,但并不意味者城乡间教育发展与收入差距缩小。第三,高校扩招政策一方面显著促进了城镇居民低收入群体教育回报的提升,有效抑制了城镇居民中可能出现的收入差异扩大的"马太效应"。另一方面,高校扩招政策使得农村居民高收入群体教育回报高于低收入群体,在一定程度上导致了农村居民收入差异扩大的"马太效应"。     

什么决定了居民住房承受能力:基于广州限价房申购群体的经验证据

本文运用广州市国土房管局自2009年11月中旬开展的为期3个月的限价房购房需求调查数据,研究了居民的住房承受能力问题。研究发现:除了工资收入、住房福利和预期未来收入能显著提高住房承受能力外,居民的职业背景也会影响居民的住房承受能力。具体而言,在公务员和国有企业等公有部门工作的居民的住房承受能力要高于在民营、外资企业和事业单位工作的居民,其可能的原因是前者拥有更多的工资外收入和福利。同时还发现,居民教育程度,工作年限以及父母亲属对首付的支持也对住房承受能力有显著的正面作用,本文的发现有助于加深我们对居民住房承受能力及其影响因素的了解,同时也有助于更好地理解目前正在酝酿的住房制度和居民收入分配制度改革。     

西部的出路不只在于民营化

2006年8月12日．中国社会科学院和西北大学中国西部经济发展研究中心联合发布了《中国西部经济发展报告(2006)》。报告指出,2005年西部经济增速超过12%．但居民收入与东部地区相比,差距在继续扩大。西部居民可支配收入占东部地区的比例,在城镇由2004年的69．7%下降到2005年的66．7%．在农村则由2004年的48%下降到44．2%。     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

区域工业产业竞争力指标体系的构建及其评价方法研究

文章通过建立省级区域工业产业竞争力评价指标体系,设计竞争力模型,利用SPSS统计软件,对各省工业产业竞争力进行了评价测定。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

我国发展天文旅游的条件、前景探析及策略思考

天文旅游资源从成因可以分为行星地球天文旅游资源、天体天文旅游资源和天文文化旅游资源三类。天文旅游方兴未艾,我国天文旅游具有很大发展前景。文章对我国开展天文旅游的条件进行了分析,对发展天文旅游的策略和措施进行了梳理。