土地资源在经济增长中的影响效应研究

通过构建包括土地资源的多要素CES生产函数,可从理论分析的角度刻画土地资源对经济增长的影响效应,并对其中的重要影响因子进行相关性分析.文章从土地资源约束对经济增长的“阻尼”效应、土地资源在经济增长中的人均产出效应以及土地供给增长对经济增长的拉动效应三个不同的视角,运用数理经济学的研究方法分析了土地资源对于经济增长的影响效应.研究结论是土地资源约束对经济增长的阻力大小一方面取决于行业属性,另一方面囿于国家经济的整体状况;在土地资源有限的客观经济现实约束下,人均可用土地资源的不断减少势必使经济增长回归到由资本和有效劳动所决定的稳态增长路径中,因此土地资源在平衡增长路径下是动态无效率的;更多依赖于土地或者其他自然资源投入的经济增长方式是不可持续的.     

用科学发展观指导城市土地整理

用科学发展观指导城市土地整理工作,处理好城市发展与城市用地总量与结构平衡、生态环境保护的关系,统筹人与自然的和谐发展。为此,要建立健全城市土地整理市场准入机制,完善城市土地整理市场规则,实行政企分开、政事分开,体现市场经济公开、公平、有序、竞争原则,以实现城市土地整理区的社会经济协调发展。     

地权稳定性、土地流转与农地资源持续利用

土地使用权的稳定性、土地流转等农地产权制度对农地资源的影响一直是农村经济改革和农地制度绩效评价中备受关注的问题之一。本文通过建立土壤肥力变化的社会经济及政策影响因素模型 ,利用 6省 1 5县市 1 80个样本地块在 2 0世纪 80年代初期和 2 0 0 0年的土壤实验数据 ,结合同时期这些样本地块所在生产小组的社会经济调查数据 ,对于地权稳定性、农户间非正式土地流转等社会经济及政策因素如何影响农地土壤的可持续生产能力进行了实证分析。模型估计结果表明 :稳定的土地使用权有助于改善农地土壤的长期肥力 ;农户之间的非正式土地流转容易造成农地土壤长期肥力的衰退 ,但对土壤的短期肥力无显著影响 ;同时 ,农村劳动力机会成本提高并没有引起农地土壤肥力的损耗     

Variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City, China： 1996-2005

Nowadays the fast economic development has brought about serious conflicts between the limited land resources and the increasing land demand in Chuzhou City.The changes of land use structure also restrict economic development and society progress in this area.Because different cities have different functional localization,the city area and each county （city） have formed characteristic land utilization structure.It is of great significance to make rational use of land resources and ensure the sustainable use of land resources by analyzing the variation of land use structure in the city area and each county （city） in Chuzhou City.Based on the data of land use modification of Chuzhou City from 1996 to 2005 and adopting the quantitative analysis of landscape ecology,this paper studies quantitatively the temporal division of regional land use structure and its dynamic changes.The results indicate that： （1） this method can reveal the law of the variation; （2） the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City： increasing diversification,evenness and heterogeneity; （3） the intensity of change in land use from 1996 to 2005 in the city appeared in the sequence： grass land〉traffic land〉garden land〉virgin land〉forest land〉industrial and residential land〉cultivated land〉other agricultural land〉water facility land; （4） there were remarkable differences between the city area and each county （city） in the relative change and the land use structure change from 1996 to 2005.This paper analyzes the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City,and finally proposes related countermeasures and suggestions.     

建设用地适宜性与国土资源规划

从城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划相互包含又相互制约的关系出发,进一步理顺当前的规划评价体系,引出国土资源规划战略,探索使用建设用地适宜性评价结果作为规划的第一步的可行性。建设用地适宜性评价将国土开发中经济、社会、环保的要求通过控制土地开发利用体现出来,对于适合开发的国土集中开发或增加开发强度,对于不适于开发的国土加强保护,直接服务于国土资源规划的宏观管理与微观控制。     

资源消耗与经济增长关系的实证分析——以安徽省为例

协调资源消耗与经济增长的关系,是社会经济可持续发展过程中面临的重要问题。本文综合运用生态足迹、协整理论及误差修正模型,实证了安徽省资源消耗与经济增长之间的关系。在计算1990～2004年安徽省各项生态足迹的基础上,分析了GDP与各种足迹之间的长期均衡关系。结果表明GDP分别与总生态足迹、能源足迹、水域足迹之间存在协整关系,而与耕地足迹、草地足迹、林地足迹、建筑足迹不存在协整关系,说明安徽省经济发展属于能源、资源消耗型,增加1%的GDP产出需要增加0.58%的生态足迹,且分别需要增加0.10%的能源足迹和0.32%的水域足迹。据此提出了转变经济发展方式,实现安徽省经济可持续发展的政策建议。     

学术型企业家社会资本惯性、角色冲突感知对创业绩效的影响研究

学术创业跨越了学术与产业两种不同的环境,因此学术型企业家往往肩负着学者与企业家两种角色,他们的社会资本、角色冲突感知都会对该创业进程产生一定影响。本文基于资源保存理论、扩张-加强假说和资源基础理论,构建了学术型企业家角色冲突感知、社会资本惯性对创业资源获取与创业绩效的整合作用模型,并深入探索企业参与程度在这一过程中的调节作用。对394位学术型企业家展开问卷调研,并运用多元回归分析等方法进行实证检验。结果表明,角色冲突感知对资源获取与创业绩效都具有显著正向影响,而社会资本惯性对资源获取有显著负向影响。同时,资源获取对创业绩效具有显著正向影响,学者的企业参与程度正向调节了角色冲突感知与创业绩效的关系。以上研究结果从主观感知的角度丰富了学术型企业家双重角色的相关研究,也为有创业想法或者已在创业过程中的学者提供一定的实践指导。     

推进循环经济发展促进土地可持续利用

循环经济是一种新型的生态经济。发展循环经济对于土地的可持续利用的意义也很重大。本文通过对循环经济的概念和发展情况的阐述．分析了目前我国发展循环经济所面临的问题，提出了发展我国循环经济的对策和措施。     

可持续理念下新资源观与资源产业开发

传统的发展模式否认自然资源的资产属性和价值属性,产权界定并不明晰,致使资源浪费和破坏严重。人类的可持续发展依赖自然资源的永续支持,这一战略的贯彻与实施需要树立自然资源的资产观和价值观,明晰资源的产权归属,进行资源资产核算,并将其纳入产权管理范畴。与此相对应,培育资源市场、发展资源产业,有利于运用市场机制优化配置,促进资源的合理开发与利用,可从根本上保证资源有效增值和持续利用。     

Economic implications of inalienable and communal native title: The case of Wik forestry in Australia

Wik people on Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia, have been granted native title over 18,500 km² of customary land. This was seen as a coup by Wik people and it appears that they have a relatively unencumbered right to manage a large proportion of this land, including for commercial timber production. However, economists of the private property rights tradition are of the view that the inalienable and communal nature of native title presents an obstacle to economic development in remote indigenous communities that will prevent the land from being managed in an economically and ecologically efficient manner, and preclude the land from realising its full market value. This negative view has risen to prominence in Australia and privatisation of the indigenous land estate is being debated. In this paper, it is argued that privatising Australian native title land will not suddenly provide conditions where indigenous enterprise will flourish, nor will it necessarily maximise resource use efficiency where cultural and ecological values are important. For the Wik and other indigenous Australians, factors such as their low Western education and skill levels, poor health, limited financial resources, complex social environment, the remoteness and low productive capacity of their land, and the high importance of non-pecuniary land management objectives, are more important impediments to economic development than the broad type of property right held over natural resources.     

土地调整、地权稳定性与农民长期投资激励

中国的家庭联产承包责任制与农业经济增长之间的关系受到了众多经济学家的关注。现有研究普遍认为土地调整破坏了农民土地使用权的稳定性,从而削弱了农民的长期投资激励。本文将农户的长期投资划分为两类,“与特定地块不相连的长期投资”以及“与特定地块相连的长期投资”,通过实证研究发现,土地调整对农户的这两类长期投资决策的影响是不同的。本文的主要结论有:“减人减地”使农户的第一类长期投资大幅度下降,“增人增地”对农户的第一类长期投资没有什么影响;“减人减地”和“增人增地”对农户的农家肥使用量都没有什么影响。但是,我们并不能把“减人减地”导致的以及大调整所可能导致的第一类长期投资的减少完全归咎于土地调整所导致的低效率。     

征地议价:政府与市场的和谐构建

政府规制征地活动的合理性表现在它引致合理征地补偿价格的形成,而非取代参与征地活动的市场主体进行计划定价。与政府失灵相反,被征地村民集团与用地方集团直接进行征地议价可能导致市场失灵,其原因在于被征地村民集团的利益短视和用地方集团的用地成本最小化动机。在征地活动中,政府作用和市场作用都合理发挥出来才是增进社会福利的最优选择。征地议价机制为政府与市场的和谐构建提供了契机。     

土地资源开发利用的生态自然观刍议

土地资源的有限性和需求的无限增长性,是人类社会经济发展过程中一对难以调和的矛盾,而且这对矛盾长期以来被人们忽略,从而对实现土地资源可持续利用造成了一定程度的影响.文章从自然观演进的角度,分析不同阶段土地资源开发利用的自然观特征;针对当前我国土地资源开发利用现状,提出生态自然观是我们应该积极倡导的一种理想的土地资源开发利用自然观,并对土地资源开发利用生态自然观的理论基础、核心内容和实践形式等进行了探讨.     

青海湖地区土地资源持续利用研究

本文在分析青海湖地区土地资源持续利用存在问题的基础上,遵循相关性原则,在保持生态系统的稳定性,促进现有土地资源的合理利用,使生态环境得以保护和实现社会经济的持续稳步发展的总体思路指导下,提出了加强政策法规建设,坚定不移实施退耕还林还草战略,进行土地生态经济规划等土地资源持续利用的战略措施,为协调该区土地资源与人类发展的矛盾,为制订可持续发展的土地利用管理策略与方法提供科学依据。     

土地双垄断情况下的收益博弈

本文通过重复信号博弈模型和双垄断模型,运用制度分析法来考察现有土地制度安排下地方政府和中央政府对土地利用的最优反应,结果显示:(1)中央政府对地方政府的监管成本过高,导致土地垄断利润分配过程中地方政府获利更大,进而催生了《土地管理法》;(2)现有地方土地资源利用完全不受限制,导致地方经济发展失去了中央宏观调控的约束。因此,本文提出相关对策建议。     

湘西地区主要农业资源及其利用效率

耕地、化肥、电量等作为主要的农业资源,对农业的产出具有非常重要的影响,其利用效率的高低直接制约着农业的生产效益。根据相关统计资料,采用资源消耗系数法对湘西主要农业资源利用效率在时间上进行了比较研究。结果表明,湘西耕地资源总的消耗系数随时间推移而下降、但化肥资源、电量资源、机械资源的消耗系数总体呈现上升趋势,并且各年份之间存在着较大差异,发展极不平衡,并分析了其中的原因,同时提出了促进湘西主要农业资源利用效率提高的政策性建议。（1）管理日趋短缺的耕地资源,关键在于保护耕地面积;（2）针对化肥资源、电量资源、机械资源消耗系数总体呈现上升态势,关键在于增加使用有机肥、修复水渠、塘坝,增大传统自流灌溉。     

Models of Capitalism: Growth and Stagnation in the Modern Era

Recent years have seen increasingly aggressive expansion of extractive industry in the Andean-Amazonian region. Reminiscent of the film Avatar, this expansion drives conflicts over land, territory and political control of space. This expansion is occurring in both overtly neoliberal regimes and in self-consciously post-neoliberal ones. This essay documents the convergence among the different regimes' ways of governing extraction and socio-environmental conflicts. We draw on Executive level statements and policy positions as well as on statements by indigenous peoples' organisations. Among the reasons for this apparent convergence are: long-standing resource curse effects; the need to generate resources to finance social policy instruments that are integral to the governments' overall political strategies; power and information asymmetries among companies and governments; and international relations. The convergences among Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru regarding the governance of extraction and the conflicts that it catalyses suggests the need for great critical caution before using the terminology of post-neoliberalism.     

Harmony between man and nature：the base for the harmonious society

The harmony between man and nature is the base for the harmonious society. It is determined by the eco-ruleand eco-economic rule. Human being should not violate the eco-rule. However, human being can make eco-systemsupply suit economic growth and its speed through systematical innovation and restriction of human economic activityand choice. Through technological innovation, efficiency satisfaction of unit resource can be increased; structure andfunction of eco-system can be perfected; supply capability of eco-system can be improved. To build the harmonioussociety, human should consider the reasonable distribution of limited resources from two sides. The first one is that theutilization of two functions of resource supply and pollution purification to nature should not exceed its special supplycapability formed under its special structure and function states, i.e. harmony between man and nature. The second sideis human being should think over the reasonable and effective distribution of limited resources in economic society, i.e.harmony between human beings and society. The reasonable economic activity of human being is the key to the harmo-nious development of man and nature.     

我国山岳型森林公园的资源类型、特征与开发——以广东省为例

我国山岳型森林公园的类型可以按山体海拔高度、组成山体的岩性特征和地貌类型划分。以广东省为例,省内山岳型森林公园的特征主要表现在风景资源多姿多彩,以森林景观为主体,地文、天象、水文和人文等景观资源组合度好,自然景观引入入胜,区域环境质量优越、旅游开发潜力较强。在开发过程中,应注意合理规划,挖掘特色,遵循人与自然和谐以及可持续发展的原则,处理好资源开发与资源环境保护的关系。     

Research on driving forces for rural settlement land changes in China

During the rapid urbanization period, the contradiction between demand for the construction land and the preservation of cultivated land for food security is getting more and more serious in China. With the urbanization the rural settlement land is increasing instead of decreasing; This paper aims at.finding the driving forces for rural settlement land expanston. Based on land use change survey data （1996-2006） by the Ministry of Land and Resources P. R. C., this paper find, that per capita area for rural settlement land is more than per capita area for city; township and industrial land in each province except Tibet. Besides, rural settlement land area and per capita rural settlement land area are increasing while the rural poputation is decreasing in most provinces. The main problems of rural settlement land use are low efficiency, high vacancy rate, chaotic layout and illegal occupancy. Then the driving forces [br rural settlement land expansion, including economic development, family income, family scale, psychological factors, urbanization, transportation, lack of planning, limited circulation of dwelling-house land and imperfect sociat security, ate explored based on above analysis, Finalty, policy recommendations, in view of different influencing factors, are put forward to control the disorder expansion of rural setttement land.