菜篮子里写民生——南宁市蔬菜质量安全管理纪实

民以食为天,食以安为先.随着人们生活水平的提高,安全、优质、健康、营养的蔬菜已成为人们的普遍追求.蔬菜质量安全也已成为当前政府重视、社会关注和全球瞩目的热点问题. 近年来,南宁市建立起了一套覆盖市、县(区)、乡(镇)三级的蔬菜质量安全监测网络,实现了全程监控,并形成了"五个一"的蔬菜质量安全监管常态机制.其主要做法是:     

蔬菜质量安全可追溯体系建设:基于供货商和相关管理部门的二维视角

本文在系统总结国内外农产品质量安全追溯的理论和实践成果基础上,基于当前我国蔬菜行业组织发育程度、消费特点等,系统地分析了现行蔬菜质量安全可追溯体系建设的关键问题、薄弱环节及内外约束条件,依据交易费用和合约经济学等理论,提出了以批发市场为核心实施蔬菜质量安全可追溯是现阶段建设蔬菜质量安全管理长效机制最有效途径的理论构想。为进一步探索该构想的实施机制,本文从蔬菜批发市场供货商和相关政府质量安全管理部门视觉,对当前蔬菜批发市场环节实施蔬菜质量安全可追溯现状、困难等进行剖析,最后提出了完善以批发市场为核心蔬菜质量安全可追溯体系建设的相应政策和配套措施。     

上海市蔬菜质量安全监管现状、问题与对策

上海是一个特大型城市,蔬菜消费量极大,随着人们消费水平的提高,市民的蔬菜消费更注重健康、安全.近年来上海市政府已对蔬菜生产建立了较完善的管理体系,但由于蔬菜流通量大、自给率低、对外依存度高,增加了质量安全的不确定性,蔬菜质量安全风险上升.这些都对上海市蔬菜质量安全的监管提出了严峻考验.因此,如何保障市民的蔬菜消费安全,完善蔬菜质量安全监管体系成为各方面关注的重点.     

农户安全蔬菜供给决策机制实证分析——基于河北省定州市、山东省寿光市和浙江省临海市菜农的调查

本文运用河北省定州市、山东省寿光市和浙江省临海市510个农户的调查数据,以计划行为理论作为分析框架,分别采用结构方程模型和多元线性回归模型分析了农户安全蔬菜供给的决策机制。结果显示:农户安全蔬菜供给决策受行为意向、预期收益、政府规制、政府服务、蔬菜交易方式、户主年龄以及家庭劳动力数量的直接影响;而行为意向由供给目标、行为态度、主观规范和控制认知决定;预期收益、政府规制、交易方式、户主年龄与行为意向产生交互作用影响农户安全蔬菜供给决策。文章最后还提出了扩大安全蔬菜供给、提高蔬菜质量安全水平的对策建议。     

报告,农产品质量安全

食品安全一直是百姓关注的焦点问题.新近,农业部发布《中国农产品质量安全概况》的报告,并通报了我国农产品质量安全的总体水平.报告指出,经过十多年努力,我国农产品质量安全水平有了很大提高,与百姓生活关系密切的蔬菜、畜产品和水产品等检测合格率都达到了90%多,总体是安全放心的.     

我国农产品质量安全存在问题及成因分析

近年来,农产品质量安全受到了社会各界和各级政府的广泛关注和高度重视,尽管我国农产品质量安全水平有所提高,但农产品质量安全问题仍然存在,农产品质量安全事件时有发生,从农产品质量安全各利益主体角度分析其存在问题的主要成因尤为重要.     

反季节蔬菜安全风险及其治理

作为现代生活必可不少的反季蔬菜,其质量安全直接关系着消费者的身心健康,又影响到反季节蔬菜产业的持续发展和农民收入的增加.但是,反季节蔬菜质量安全的信誉品属性,以及我国目前的家户分散经营模式,给生产者利用信息优势采取策略性行为提供了充足的空间,从而导致反季节蔬质量安全难以靠市场机制保障,必须建立有效的反季节蔬菜质量安全公共治理机制.通过保证农资质量、监控生产过程、提供农技服务以及新经营模式等,才能切实防控反季节蔬菜质量安全风险.     

影响蔬菜产品质量的因素与解决建议

蔬菜是人们日常生活中重要的、不可缺少的副食品,蔬菜产品质量及其是否安全是关系到国计民生的大事。随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对蔬菜的品质特别是卫生标准提出了更高的要求,本文分析了我国蔬菜质量在各方面存在的问题进而提出解决建议。     

构建政府主导型蔬菜安全生产保障机制

蔬菜生产的分散性、鲜活易腐性以及外部正效益性决定了蔬菜生产必须要处于一种"强力"的管理环境,才能保证其产品安全.在政府主导型的蔬菜安全生产组织管理体系中,通过建立"基地、乡镇、县市"三级监测控制体系,对"农户(基地)生产、加工配送、市场流通"三个层面、一个链条进行全过程检测和监控,切实保障蔬菜安全生产的运行.通过建立市场准入机制,防止不安全蔬菜进入市场而危害消费者的健康.通过市场追溯制度,对蔬菜经营各环节进行编码表示和信息采集,建立蔬菜质量安全数据库,并在此基础上建立蔬菜安全生产追溯平台.     

菜农使用无公害或绿色农药意愿的影响因素研究——基于山东省蔬菜种植户的调查

蔬菜是我国重要的农产品,农民对无公害或绿色农药的使用意愿是确保蔬菜质量安全的关键环节。本文对山东省293户菜农进行实地调查,采用Logistic模型研究菜农使用无公害或绿色农药意愿的影响因素并实证分析各因子的影响程度,计量结果显示:对国家禁用农药了解、技术培训、喷洒农药的蔬菜对人体健康影响、儿童数、蔬菜种植面积、对蔬菜安全的关注程度、政府绿色补贴这7个变量对菜农的使用意愿影响显著,其影响程度依次减弱。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.