对我国国债应债能力的比较分析

为了刺激经济增长，我国实施了积极的财政政策，但同时也带来了国债规模的快速增长。结合我国国债发行的实际情况，通过一系列指标，分析我国的应债能力，对确定合理的国债规模，化解财政风险具有重要的现实意义。     

我国国债发行规模的预测分析

运用现代经济计量学的方法对我国国债发行规模进行了实证研究。采用GDP与财政支出中的投资性支出这两个最主要的变量,建立国债发行规模的EGARCH模型,预测我国未来5年的国债发行量,以此判断国债发行规模的适度性。     

我国国债规模的GM（1，1）模型预测

我国自上世纪80年代初改革开放、恢复国债发行以来,国债在筹资和经济的宏观调控方面发挥了巨大的作用。随着改革的深入,国债规模日趋增大,尤其1994、1998年以来,我国国债规模迅速扩大。用国际上街量国债规模的各项基本指标来分析,我国国债的规模接近国际警戒线,引起了我国相关管理部门和学者的高度重视。本文首先提出研究国债规模的意义和必要性,然后详细阐述了GM（1,1）模型（灰色预测法）理论,最后运用GM（1,1）模型对我国的国债规模进行了预测。     

论国债风险

虽然我国的国债规模尚未超过国际警戒线,但其中隐含了许多不确定因素。本文联系国债本质、国债发行原因、国债运行,对我国当前的国债风险问题进行了探讨,并就如何防范和控制国债风险若干对策建议。     

浅析中国国债发行规模和趋势

本根据对国债发行现状(规模、结构)的分析，并结合回归方程的预测及国债依存度较高的政策因素，论述我国当前乃至今后国债发行规模的扩大趋势。     

改革开放以来我国国债风险的实证研究

一、国债风险的表现 本文中的国债仅仅指我国的内债部分，而且在目前的财政体制下，我国地方政府无发行国债权利，所以本文中的国债指的我国中央政府发行的国债部分。从国债的运动过程来看，国债的风险可以归纳为三个方面：数量风险、金融风险和使用风险。国债的数量风险直接表现为国债规模过大而给政府还本付息带来的巨大压力。如果国债数量日益增长而政府资金又不充裕，那么对这一风险就必须给予足够的重视。国债的金融风险涉及流通领域，与货币价格有关。     

关于我国国债规模扩张区间的探讨

对于今后我国国债规模的扩张，如果按照近几年的速度继续增加，将会给财政带来较重的债务负担，政府偿债能力将会出现不足。因此，未来国债发行数量应该适当控制，要与国民经济的增长速度和财政收支规模增长相协调。否则，国债的风险将会越来越大。     

我国国债规模影响因素分析及政策借鉴

本文在对我国历年国债发行规模数据分析的基础上采用Statistica软件,运用分段线性回归的方法,对影响国债规模的因素进行了选取,进而建立国债规模的分阶段线性模型。通过模型所展现的国债规模发行趋势,我们认为:以发行国债为主要内容的积极财政政策近期内不应淡出,我国政府应当在适度控制国债增长速度的前提下保持积极财政政策的可持续性。     

我国国债规模及其风险防范

自恢复国债发行以来，国债规模日益扩大。国债政策在拉动投资、扩大内需方面起到了积极作用，对我国经济快速增长做出了极大贡献。同时，国债规模的迅速扩大引起了各方面的关注和担忧。本文以国际上通用的指标来衡量国债规模，认为目前我国国债规模已经偏大，对目前国债规模应持谨慎态度。文章最后提出一些措施，以防范国债规模风险。     

对于我国当前国债发行规模的探讨

本文通过对我国国债发行规模的阐述 ,并通过对具体的国债规模指标分析及国际比较 ,提出了如何解决我国财务债务重负同国民经济应债能力强大的矛盾以及我国国债发行规模偏大与国债的累积规模不大之间的矛盾等问题的政策建议     

从内生性货币供给的角度看国债

1 998年以来我国实施了以大量增发国债为核心的积极财政政策 ,虽然对经济的增长起到了一定的促进作用 ,但实施效果并不理想 ,也增加了经济运行中隐藏的危险。本文认为 ,目前我国大量增发国债时并不考虑公债对货币供给的影响 ,而这涉及到公债性质的研究。随着市场经济的发展 ,货币供给越来越明显地表现出内生性 ,因而研究和分析发行国债对内生性货币供给、从而对经济运行的影响是极其重要的。     

稳健财政政策下国债的适度规模与管理

2005年起,我国开始实行稳健的财政政策,经济运行方式发生了变化,国债政策作为以前积极财政政策调节经济方向的重要工具也应采取相应变化以促进经济向前发展.由此加强我国国债规模管理,不仅应从总体上缩小国债规模,更应该注重国债资金的使用效率,对其加强监督管理.     

公共资本投资、内生经济增长与合理政府债务规模*

本文基于一个具有内生增长机制的三部门世代交叠模型,讨论了政府举债为公共投资进行融资时经济的长期均衡;同时,通过数值模拟方法考察了我国的均衡政府债务规模及其影响因素。结果表明：在特定条件下,经济系统存在一个正的均衡政府债务-产出比重,该债务比重水平明显受到公共投资—产出比重、公共投资的债务融资比重、民间资本产出弹性等参数的影响。但是,均衡政府债务比重并不是无限上升的,当上述参数超过特定临界值时,经济系统无法达到均衡,政府债务-产出之比将持续上升,财政将不可持续。另外,当民间资本产出弹性较低时,较高的均衡政府债务比重可能导致经济运行动态无效率。数值模拟结果还显示,基于不同的假设情形,我国的均衡政府债务-产出比重均在不同程度上高于当前实际的政府债务规模,这为我国在未来期间实施扩张性财政政策提供了有利的依据。     

The perils of debt deflation in the Euro area: a multi regime model

Academic research and policy makers in the Euro area are currently concerned with the threat of debt deflation and secular stagnation in Europe. Empirical evidence seems to suggest that secular stagnation and debt deflation in the Euro area may be rather slowly developing. Yet what appears as major peril is that debt deflation with a lack of economic growth, rising real interest rates and further rising debt may trigger household defaults, defaults of firms and banks, rise of risk premia, and default risk of certain sectors of the economy or sovereign defaults. It is this rising default and financial risk that may lead to a regime change to a slowly moving debt crisis with high financial risk and high financial stress. In order to explore those issues, a macro policy model of Svensson type is introduced, exhibiting a regime of low and high financial stress. Then, a four dimensional multi-regime VAR is employed to an Euro area data set to support the theoretical model and the claim that in particular Southern Euro area countries are affected by debt deflation and financial market stress.     

人民币境外存量、国际收支 与人民币国际化进程*

人民币国际化问题已成为各国学者研究的热点。本文依据弗里德曼货币需求函数设立国内货币需求模型,并基于间接测算法和模型稳定性检验结果,选取1992-2003年的季度数据估测2004-2014年季度人民币境外存量,以此作为人民币国际化的衡量标准。在此基础上运用协整理论、格兰杰（Granger）因果检验、脉冲分析法等时间序列处理方法对我国现有的国际收支结构、经济规模、实际汇率及人民币国际化之间的动态关系进行实证分析。本文研究发现,上述变量之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,我国经济规模扩大、经常项目顺差和人民币稳步升值有利于推动人民币国际化进程,而资本和金融项目顺差会对人民币国际化产生阻碍作用。因此,在发展国民经济及维持人民币币值坚挺的同时,合理调整我国国际收支双顺差结构也是人民币国际化进程的客观要求。     

The role of debt profile vulnerabilities in sovereign distress

Sovereign debt distress has raised difficult issues in terms of debt sustainability in the past, but it has been associated not only with medium-term debt dynamics, but also with various dimensions of the debt profile that have typically built vulnerabilities over time. Vulnerabilities associated with the public debt structure and liquidity may play an important role in derailing a stable debt trajectory and thus contribute to debt distress. Financial developments may also contribute to the building in sovereign debt vulnerabilities, as deterioration in financial stability indicators can affect the balance sheet of the national treasury. Based on the experience during 37 debt distress events in countries with market access between 1993 and 2010, this article identifies early warning indicators of sovereign debt distress and defines thresholds – for the whole sample and for different regions – at which these latter have been associated with distress in the past. This approach allows us to assess indicators on an individual basis, and to develop a composite indicator of debt vulnerabilities as well.     

Financial Insecurity in a World of Plenty

Abstract

The U.S. economy is addicted to the simulative impacts of household borrowing. Household debt has grown dramatically since the 1990s and has served to mitigate the detrimental effects of stagnant household wages. The accumulation of this debt has also had the macroeconomic impact of stimulating the economy, pushing it closer towards full employment. However does full employment stimulated by household indebtedness actually represent economic progress? It is argued that even the poorest citizen in a modern industrialized society is better off than a king of feudal Europe, yet in the United States such material prosperity is often tied to social insecurity thanks to debt. The growth of this debt has been enabled by a financial system that has evolved dramatically over the past forty years. The U.S. financial system’s primary role is no longer to finance investment but is rather a tool that enables a separation of ownership from use. Debt has fueled corporate profits which have enriched the shareholding class while at the same time the system has reduced the financial security of the majority of workers. This article crystalizes these issues by analyzing the differentials in financial circumstances faced by workers and shareholders in several major U.S. firms.     

THE IMPACT OF CASINO GAMBLING ON PERSONAL BANKRUPTCY FILING RATES

Personal bankruptcies soared in the United States between 1994 and 1998. One activity that can precipitate personal financial crises and that has also experienced dramatic growth is commercial gambling, especially casino gambling. This article builds a simple model of bankruptcy choice and empirically tests the model using unique county-level data on debt, income, household age, population density, and casino gambling as well as state measures of employment and marital stability, health insurance coverage, and garnishment restrictions. The authors find that the proximity of casino gambling appears to be associated with higher bankruptcy rates, but that the local impact is far more pronounced than the influence of casino gambling on the national filing rate. To quantify the magnitude of the impact, the analysis predicts over a 5% decline in 1998 filing rates for counties surrounding a casino, and a 1% decline in the nationwide filing rate if one were to eliminate casino gambling. Consequently, although casino gambling exerts important local effects, nationwide the incidence and growth of casino gambling does not explain much of the rise in bankruptcies during the past decade.     

THE STRUCTURE OF THE FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY

Since most studies of the financial services industry have viewed the structure of the industry as fixed, there has been little discussion of its determinants. Events of the past few years make it clear that the structure of the financial services industry is changing much more rapidly than it did between the end of World War II and the mid 1960's. This paper categorizes and discusses the major factors affecting the structure of the financial services industry. The concept of supply and demand provides a useful framework for categorizing these factors. Demand is best analyzed in terms of the demand for various characteristics or attributes of financial services. These include: 1) yield; 2) liquidity; 3) safety; 4) convenience of access to the services, 5) financial advice or information. The demand for these various characteristics or attributes depends importantly on demographic and economic factors
The supply of financial services is determined by the cost curves associated with those services which are in turn determined by the cost of the factors of production and the underlying production function. Three aspects of these cost curves have an important effect on the supply of financial services and the structure of the industry — economies of scale, economies of joint production and distribution, and the management of risk. The nature of the cost and production functions underlying the supply of financial services and the structure of the industry is affected by several exogenous factors. Foremost among them are the economy, technology, regulation, and the role of the Federal government in financial service markets
Based on the discussion of how the various exogenous factors affect the structure of the financial services industry, an attempt is made to predict how structure will change as deregulation occurs.     

CROSS‐COUNTRY CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE 2008 CRISIS: INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES AND AMERICAN EXPOSURE

We model the causes of the 2008 financial crisis together with its manifestations, using a cross‐country multiple indicator multiple cause model. We consider both national and, critically, international linkages between countries and potential crisis ‘epicentres’, including the United States. A country holding an epicentre's securities is exposed through a financial channel, while a country that exports to that epicentre is exposed through a real channel. We are unable to find strong evidence that international linkages can be associated with crisis incidence. In particular, exposure to the United States in either form has little impact. If anything, it appears to help.