论吸纳民间团体参与决策对公共冲突化解的积极作用——以台北宝藏岩聚落拆迁冲突的化解过程为例

在公共冲突中,民间团体的作用是双重的：一方面,它能够以组织化的方式提出主张;另一方面,它能够以组织化的方式管理民众的不满。政府以适当方式将民间团体吸纳到公共冲突的化解过程中,有助于产生更具可行性的冲突解决方案。台北宝藏岩聚落拆迁冲突化解的案例表明,政府吸纳＂专业者都市改革组织＂参与拆迁改建规划,对冲突的解决产生了积极的效果。这一典型案例对公共冲突管理具有重要的启发意义。     

Using the analytic hierarchy process to assess gender differences in the evaluation of microcomputer vendors

The influence of the decision maker’s sex on the choice process in specific business buying situations is not well-established. Within an organizational buying context, this study compares men’s and women’s evaluations of decision criteria and examines whether they form different preferences in the selection of microcomputer vendors. Expert Choice, a microcomputer software package for performing the analytic hierarchy process methodology, served as the decision support tool to structure the decision process, to collect the data, to derive the importance weights for the decision criteria, and to synthesize them with the vendor preferences. The results of a multivariate analysis of the experimental data indicate that men and women do not differ in weighting the importance of decision criteria nor in forming preferences for alternative PC vendors. Instead, the type of organization employing the subjects and the influence of their boss’s decision rules were found to significantly affect the vendor evaluation process.     

Key aspects of organizational buying: conceptualization and measurement

Much research has been devoted to organizational buying. Unfortunately, few studies focus on the development of specific measures of organizational buying behavior. And although many concepts in the literature are useful for describing and discussing buying behavior, they often cut across other buying activities and therefore may not be empirically distinct. This research applies a combination of literature- and field-based approaches to develop four distinct constructs that underlie the numerous activities in which buyers engage: procedural control, proactive focusing, use of analysis techniques, and search for information. Measurement scales for these constructs are created and then evaluated through a survey of purchasing professionals. The procedure resulted in a set of constructs and measures that may be applied to several complex areas of organizational buying research. She received her B.A. and M.B.A. from Michigan State University and her Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research focuses on the use of information in various decision contexts. She has published several articles in journals such as theJournal of Marketing, Journal of Business to Business Marketing, andHealth Marketing Quarterly. Her research has also appeared in the proceedings of several national conferences.     

美国信用评级机构利益冲突的规制研究

利益冲突被认为是信用评级机构失去中立性和丧失预警功能的重要原因之一,从现有的信用评级机构的运行模式来看,利益冲突广泛存在于信用评级机构和评级分析师两个层面。次贷危机发生之后,美国的监管部门不断地修改现有法律,并发布一些监管条例,试图控制利益冲突对评级结果的影响。信用评级机构也通过内部规则和程序治理利益冲突。     

公共冲突治理的三类干预角色分析——兼论政府和社会组织角色担任的适宜性

公共冲突治理中存在辅助型第三方、化解型第三方和保障型第三方三类干预角色,三类角色各自对角色担任者有着特定的要求。对这三类干预角色的担任,政府和社会组织都有着各自的适应性。政府在公共冲突治理中主要担任了制动者、化解者等保障型第三方和化解型第三方角色;社会组织主要担任了信息员、评估者、专家和顾问等辅助型第三方以及关系促进者、调解者、仲裁者、方案建议者等化解型第三方角色。总体而言,政府和社会组织对各自角色的担任是适宜的,但仍有调整的空间：政府需要强化对冲突化解的持续推动者、冲突后续过程的监管者等角色的担任,并需要与社会组织分享冲突化解者的角色;社会组织需要更加积极去承担辅助者角色。为达到良好的干预效果,政府和社会组织需分工负责,各司其职,对应该承担的角色不逃避,对不应该承担的角色不越位,最终实现角色互补,共同构筑公共冲突治理的主体体系。     

论黄金期货的风险防范

与其他形式的黄金投资相比,黄金期货投资是一种最具魅力的投资工具。黄金期货投资具有以小博大的特征,它市场流通性高,有利于投资者进出,投资者既可以在行情上升过程中先买后卖赚取价差,也可以在行情下跌过程中先卖后买赚取价差,从而做到双边获利。正因为如此,黄金期货很快得到投资者的青睐。然而,任何投资的风险与收益都是共存的,做黄金期货必须谨慎从事,切不可麻痹大意,只有澄清误区、防范风险,才能在黄金期货投资中事半功倍。     

秒杀式营销下消费者的购买决策过程探析

秒杀作为一种新兴的网络营销方式正日益受到关注,但对于秒杀情境中消费者购买决策的心理过程及行为机制还少有研究.基于理论研究和实证分析,文章分析了秒杀式营销下消费者的购买决策过程,指出消费者参与秒杀有求廉、求同和求新3种动机;秒杀式营销下的消费者簇群可以划分为冲动型、理智型和摇摆型;秒杀情境下消费者存在计划性秒杀和即时性秒杀两种购买决策型态.最后,针对理论分析,提出了企业开展秒杀式营销的策略建议.     

Measuring coalitions in the industrial buying center

Currently, little is understood about the behavioral dynamics which take place in the industrial buying process. Coalition formation has been emphasized as a frequent behavioral strategy on the part of buying center members. The absence of much theoretical or empirical work in the area of coalition formation within the buying center may be due to significant measurement problems. This article presents one approach for addressing these problems. Specifically, by using a sociometric method for data collection, group structure and coalitions are identified through the use of multidimensional scaling. To demonstrate applicability in a group context, multidimensional scaling is briefly reviewed. Results of an experimental application of this approach to a vendor choice decision are described.     

New dimensions in unhidden persuasion

Two potent promotional forces have been operating in the marketing environment. One utilizes direct persuasion techniques. The other attempts to obtain a positive consumer response through hidden persuasion. Today’s shoppers, however, are better educated and are less influenced by hidden persuasion methods. Studies indicate that impulse buying has increased and that consumers want to make their “own” buying decisions. Point-of-purchase advertising is one method of meeting today’s environmental needs. Space is limited and the advertiser must be forthright and precise in his persuasive techniques. In spite of the many constraints imposed on point-of-purchase advertising it has proven to be a powerful persuader, because it is the only medium that can employ the full range of perceptual devices which are so vital to the communication process. Lever Brothers Company, Inc.     

国际金融教学中有关汇率的几个难点评析

本文分析了在国际金融教学中汇率及报价换算的四个学习难点。即：买入价与卖出价的理解；外币／本币买入价一卖出价换算为本币／外币买入价．卖出价的掌握；三种货币的汇率间的折算方法；不同货币间商品价格的换算方法。提出了理解与把握上述难点的方法和原则，即：外币／本币买入价一卖出价换算为本币／外币买入价一卖出价适用互为倒数的关系：三种货币汇率间的折算原则：折算出的双向报价能满足前小后大的要求；以及出口报价遵循收益最大化原则。     

网络商业团购中介的拍卖主题控制模型研究

以网络团购中的商业团购经济活动为研究对象,叙述了商业团购中介在组织团购活动中的各个流程及涉及的要素,分析了中介方在设置团购主题时对团购拍卖标的选择的主要影响因子.在中介方的角度上以净收益最大为目标,设计了团购标的商品选择机制的离散控制模型,利用该模型分析了团购中介在团购主题设置时可采取的策略与控制手段.     

An investigation of path-goal leadership theory and its impact on intrachannel conflict and satisfaction

This path-analytic study examined the relationships among channel members’ perceptions of dimensions representing channel leader behavior, channel conflict and satisfaction. In doing so, the path-goal theory of leadership is tested in a franchise channel of distribution. The results indicate that both the consideration and the initiating structure dimensions of leader behavior significantly influence franchisees’ satisfaction with the franchise arrangement. As defined in the theory, these relationships were found to be mediated by the existing level of conflict being experienced by franchisees. Causal linkages are also found between intrachannel conflict and satisfaction. Specific recommendations are provided to franchisors and other channel leaders.     

Exploring impulse buying in services: toward an integrative framework

Prior research on impulse buying focuses mostly on goods, ignoring its incidence in services despite growing evidence about the prevalence of impulsive behaviors across diverse consumption contexts. This paper introduces an integrative conceptual framework to study impulse buying in both goods and services by using perceived risk as a focal construct in the impulse buying process and reports findings from two empirical studies. The first study uses a mall-intercept survey to show that perceived risk is lower and likelihood of impulse buying is greater for services with higher tangible (vs. intangible) attributes and higher search (vs. experience and credence) properties. The second study uses a lab-experiment to show significant differences in the influence of three relevant consumer traits (consumer impulsiveness, optimum stimulation level, and self-monitoring) on the level of perceived risk and impulsiveness in purchase decisions for six different services with varying levels of attributes (tangible vs. intangible) and evaluation properties (search, experience, and credence). Overall, the two studies provide substantial evidence of the presence of impulse buying in services and useful insights for researchers and services marketers.     

单边转售与双边平台模式选择的定价权条件

在产业组织理论与实践中,关于单边转售与双边平台商业模式的选择问题尚未得到充分研究。对这两种商业模式进行比较分析,表明企业定价权是非常重要但被忽视的影响因素。进一步的分析表明两种模式选择的定价权条件是：当中介型企业对平台服务的定价权足够大,超过对产品相对销售定价权和对投入物相对采购定价权的累积效应时,双边平台模式优于单边转售模式;这也在零售业和房地产经纪业的实践中得到了证实。     

The influence of psychological climate on conflict resolution strategies in franchise relationships

Certain conflict resolution strategies should prove more useful than others in the management of conflict in franchise channels. A deeper understanding of the nature of manageable channel-conflict conditions that may affect franchisees’ tendency to initiate specific conflict resolution strategies should also prove useful. To that end, the relationship between franchisees’ perceptions of their channel’s psychological climate and the franchisees’ tendency to engage in specific conflict resolution strategies were investigated. Significant overall differences were observed in the psychological climate perceptions held by franchisees who engaged in problem-solving, persuasion, bargaining, and politicking conflict-resolution strategies. Before entering academe, Dr. Strutton was in sales with the Tenneco Corporation and owner/president of a retailing firm in North Carolina. Dr. Strutton’s research has been published in the Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Applied Business Research, Journal of Current Issues in Research & Advertising, Journal of Macromarketing, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Psychological Reports, and other scholarly journals. His current research interests include relationalism and marketing to the elderly consumer. His research has appeared in the Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Journal of Macromarketing, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, and Health Marketing Quarterly, among others. Dr. Pelton’s primary research interests include business ethics and channels management. Prior to entering academe, Dr. Pelton was vice president of a marketing consulting firm in Lubbock, Texas. He has a B.S. in chemistry and an MBA in management and received his Ph.D. in marketing from the University of Arkansas. Before entering academe, Dr. Lumpkin worked in marketing research for Phillips Petroleum Company. His primary research interests include retail patronage theory, market segmentation, and research methodology with recent research focused on the elderly consumer. His research has been published in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Retailing, Journal of Business Research, The Gerontologist, Journal of Advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, and other scholarly journals.     

框架效应对冲动性购买行为的影响研究

采用2×2×2的实验设计分析框架效应和调节定向对冲动性购买行为的影响。研究发现,正面的属性框架和负面的目标框架下皆有助于提高冲动性购买的程度;调节定向会干扰框架效应对冲动性购买行为的影响效果;当消费者为促进定向时,正面属性框架下的冲动性购买程度更高;促进定向的消费者在正面目标框架下的冲动性购买行为明显增强,而防御定向的消费者在负面目标框架下的冲动性购买行为会明显增强。     

A note on the predictive validity of the CETSCALE

Consumers’ perceptions of the morality of buying foreign products, or consumer ethnocentric tendencies, are becoming an increasingly important issue for marketers in the global environment. The predictive validity of Shimp and Sharma’s (1987) CETSCALE was tested in a nationwide mail survey. The scale is shown to be a much stronger predictor of import buying behavior than are demographic variables. The ability of the scale to predict purchase behavior does not, however, appear to be consistent across the two products tested.     

A regression approach to conceptualizing and analyzing marketing transactions

A conceptual approach is developed in this article using the logic and concepts of statistical regression to analyze marketing phenomena such as: attraction, power, conflict, stability, and competition. Marketing transaction is conceptualized as a perceptual phenomenon in the mind of the marketing agent determined by psychological contiguity between perceived benefits and costs. Theattraction felt by a marketing organization toward a target market is conceptualized as theslope of the regression line,power in theintercept of the regression line,stability in thecoefficient of determination, andconflict in thestandard error of the estimate. Competition is conceptualized in terms of theproportion of variance in benefits extracted by a target market accounted for by costs of one competitor marketing organization relative to the costs of other competitor firms. Marketing transactions can also be similarly analyzed from the perspective of the buying agent in dealing with one or more marketing organizations. Managerial implications, limitations, and future research are also discussed.     

参照群体对冲动性购买行为的影响

由Fisher＆Rook（1995）的研究得知,在冲动性购买特质和冲动性购买行为之间,规范性评估起着中介的作用,作为重要的情境因素的参照群体对规范性评估和冲动性购买行为的影响不容忽视。研究结论验证了规范性评估的中介变量的作用,同时发现参照群体的人数和建议会透过规范性评估的中介作用对冲动性购买行为产生影响。     

Industrial market segmentation on buying center purchase responsibilities

This exploratory study focuses on the use of buying center purchase responsibilities as a basis for industrial market segmentation. Analysis of buying centers revealed differences between organizations with “overlapping” versus “position-dominant” patterns of purchase responsibility. Hypotheses supporting overlapping versus position-dominant buying centers are discussed, and implications for industrial marketing management are proposed.