坚持社会主义农村土地集体所有的大方向——评析土地私有化的四个错误观点

本文以习近平总书记多次强调坚持农村土地农民集体所有、坚持“统分结合”发展集体经济与合作经济的重要讲话为指导,客观评析了主张土地私有化或变相私有化的四个错误观点:评析了“农村土地集体所有制产权不清”的观点,认为法律对土地集体所有权作出了非常清晰的界定;评析了“土地私有制是农村土地改革方向”的观点,认为这种主张的实质是通过永久性地固化原有的家庭土地承包关系来搞农村土地私有化,无视和否定了习近平总书记所强调的壮大农村集体经济应注重“统分结合”双层经营的思想;评析了“农村土地私有化会使农民更为富裕”的观点,认为私有土地的自由买卖并不能使农民实现权利与结果的公平,绝大多数农民也不可能通过农村土地私有化实现全面小康和共富共享;评析了“‘一田两主’制度是农村土地改革有效途径”的观点,认为这一论断是通过实际架空农村土地的集体所有权来变相主张农村土地私有化。     

“十四五”时期中国农村发展若干重大问题

"十四五"时期是中国经济社会发展的重要转折时期,其规划制定必须处理好继承和创新的关系,实现继承性与创新性相统一。新中国70年的持续发展、40多年的农村改革经验以及"十三五"规划的有序推进,为"十四五"时期中国农村发展奠定了坚实的基础。随着2020年全面建成小康社会和脱贫攻坚目标的实现,中国将进入高水平全面建成小康社会进而向富裕社会迈进的"后小康"时代,国家"三农"工作的重点将逐步由脱贫攻坚转移到全面实施乡村振兴战略上来。在"十四五"时期,立足"两个阶段"发展目标,进一步巩固提高农村全面小康质量、为农业农村基本现代化开好局将成为核心主题。围绕这一核心主题,中国农村发展需要着力解决好五个重大问题,即建设高水平的农村全面小康、夯实农业农村基本现代化的基础、实现由脱贫攻坚到乡村振兴的转型、破解粮食安全和农民增收难题以及推动农村改革由试点走向全面推开。     

Young farmers’ support under the Common Agricultural Policy and sustainability of rural regions: Evidence from Lithuania

The present study examines the influence of young farmers’ support system including both direct payments for young farmers and rural development measures initiatives under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the sustainability of rural regions. The intentions and decisions taken by young farmers in Lithuania are analysed within the rural sustainability concept. The empirical analysis relies on the questionnaire survey. In order to disentangle the possible effects of the CAP support on the farming sustainability (as it is perceived by the young farmers), we consider payments for farm establishment and expansion along with support for advisory services. The results show that young farmers’ support system under the CAP has the strongest perceived effect on income support in Lithuania without significant differences across different groups of farmers. The effect on investments is significantly lower for crop farms if opposed to the other farming types. Still, the results also indicate that environmental awareness of Lithuanian farmers is rather low as the demand for such advisory services appeared to be relatively low. The relatively high demand for advisory services on the business plan preparation suggests low levels of business administration and marketing skills among the young farmers, which indicates the need for development of the social dimension.     

Using Analytic Network Process and Dominance-based Rough Set Approach for sustainable requalification of traditional farm buildings in Southern Italy

Rural Sustainable Development (RSD) is promoted by the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2014–2020, and in particular by the national and regional Rural Development Programmes (RDPs), which are mainly supported by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). At the sub-regional level, a part of the EAFRD is managed by Local Action Groups (LAGs), which decide how to use their own budget within their municipalities via a bottom-up approach, according to the most suitable projects available within the RDP.Requalification of traditional farm buildings is a possible RSD project for achieving various objectives, including creation of new jobs and economic activities, protection of the natural environment, promotion of rural tourism, preservation of rural culture and traditions, encouragement of a sense of community, improvement of the viability of rural villages, and also to contrast the abandonment of rural areas.Nevertheless, European projects and research show that the different types of requalification carried out are often not related to RSD objectives and that requalification does not usually combine the sustainability dimensions and spatial features of rural areas. Furthermore, the opinions of various stakeholders should be considered to support the generation of RSD policies and strategies.Thus, this research aims to provide a RSD decision making framework that makes it possible to tackle the above issues for identifying which type of requalification to assign to certain traditional farm buildings. Therefore, the results should facilitate the work of LAG policy makers in planning and managing the EAFRD 2014–2020. The framework combines the Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding (MCDA) methods “Analytic Network Process” (ANP) and “Dominance-based Rough Set Approach” (DRSA).This framework was applied to a LAG territory in Apulia Region (Southern Italy) that includes 176 traditional farm buildings. The ANP application identified the optimal quota for each type of requalification and showed that the highest quota is allocated to Facilities and Accommodations for Rural Tourism. The second preferred requalification is Centres for Environmental Education, Recreational and Social Facilities, while the third is Facilities for the Transformation and Sale of Agricultural Products. The DRSA was then applied in a Geographic Information System (GIS) in order to choose the most suitable traditional farm buildings for each type of requalification, helping the LAG policy makers to fill each quota.     

SLA框架下生计资本影响山区农户分化的机理与实证研究以广西山区农户为例

目的 基于可持续生计分析（SLA）框架,对生计资本影响山区农户分化进行深入研究,为职业分化背景下促进农户多渠道创收以及实现山区乡村振兴提供参考。方法 文章运用比较分析法、多值选择模型,以广西山区的540家农户为研究对象,探讨农户职业分化的影响因素。结果 研究结果表明,社会资本有助于纯农户与非农农户向以农为主的兼业农户分化;自然资本丰裕更能吸引农户向纯农户或以农为主的兼业分化;增加金融资本有助于兼业农户专注于农业生产,也促使非农经营主体投身于农业经营;物质资本影响农户向纯农户或以非农为主的兼业农户转变;拥有自身务工经历的农民更易于选择以农为主的兼业形态,对农民进行农业技术培训因提升其农业生产经营能力从而有助于他们投身于农业生产;生计资本影响农户分化的程度因距离中心市场的远近而存在差异。结论 生计资本影响农户向不同类型的职业进行分化,应从鼓励农户兼业化实现收入多元化以及鼓励乡村精英返乡创业的视角,适应不同类型农户分化需要,为调整农户生计资本,维持生计可持续性提供必要的决策支持和政策保障。     

林权抵押贷款对农户融资造林的影响分析——以江西省安福县为例

以江西省安福县为例,分析林权抵押贷款对农户融资造林的影响,探析林权抵押贷款能否解决农户造林资金问题。研究结果表明:农户缺乏造林资金,现行农村信贷供给不能解决农户造林资金问题。林权抵押贷款为农户融资提供了渠道,有助于缓解农户造林资金压力,但金融机构提供的林权抵押贷款与农户造林实际需求不符,限制了农户利用贷款投资造林的可能性。     

农地确权、土地细碎化与农户生产要素投入决策——来自广东粤北山区农户的调查分析

文章基于中国农地确权制度改革的政策背景,以及备受关注的土地细碎化的资源特征,构建“产权权利界定、产权资源特性与农户生产要素投入”的理论分析框架,借助广东粤北山区阳山县农户的调查数据,采用条件混合处理模型的计量结果表明:农地确权未能有效激励农户的生产要素投入行为,但土地细碎化显著抑制了农户雇佣劳动力和机械服务购买行为,还显著促进了化肥施用。进一步纳入农地确权和土地细碎化的交互项的模型结果表明,农地确权与土地细碎化两者之间不存在互补或替代的交互效应。采用中介机制、子样本分析等模型验证了上述结论的稳健性。由此认为,农地确权政策的影响具有情境依赖性,不可教条式地过度吹捧农地确权政策的生产投入影响效应;对于丘陵山区地带而言,农业政策应从聚焦于地权制度改革调整到缓解农地细碎化问题上。这不仅对激励农业生产要素的投入具有必要性与紧迫性,而且也有利于农地“减肥”,缓解中国日益紧迫的农业资源环境问题。     

Selfishness,altruism, and inequality aversion toward consumers and farmers

One hypothesis explaining the persistence of farm programs in the United States is the public's altruism toward farmers. We utilize economic experiments to identify the motivations of selfishness, altruism, and inequality aversion toward anonymous members of the general population and toward different types of farmers. We find that people are generally less selfish and more altruistic toward small farmers than other members of the population. We also find that (i) people are more averse to inequality in a market‐like setting as compared to a nonmarket setting, (ii) there is significant heterogeneity across people in terms of other‐regarding preferences, and (iii) experimental choices accurately predict preferences for “real‐world” income re‐distribution policies that entail giving up one's own money to benefit farmers, but fail to predict preferences for policies that redistribute others’ incomes.     

西藏农牧区反贫困存在的问题与对策

中央第五次西藏工作会议上指出"到2015年,西藏的农牧民纯收入与全国平均水平差距显著缩小;到2020年,西藏农牧民人均纯收入要接近全国水平。"2015年中央一号文件剑指"三农"新挑战,破解"三农"着力点,要求解决三农问题必须使人地充分结合,提出"四个‘如何’,五个‘新’",体现了国家对于农牧民生产生活的关注。消除西藏农牧区的贫困是维护社会稳定、巩固农村经济发展的需要,关系到整个西藏社会发展的全局。文章立足于西藏农牧区贫困的现状,从西藏农牧区反贫困存在的缩小差距任务繁重、农牧民增收渠道狭窄、促进发展成本较高、反贫困目标和任务艰巨等问题出发,分析利用了"十二五"之前与"十二五"期间西藏农牧区的扶贫对象与扶贫开发资金的历史数据,探讨了西藏农牧区反贫困的具体措施与合理建议,指出解决西藏农牧区贫困问题的关键主要在于人口可持续发展、产业发展带动、社会服务水平、移民搬迁的落实。     

农户参与乡村旅游扶贫的影响因素研究——以福建省赤溪村为例

以福建省赤溪村农户为调研对象,运用相关性检验和二元Logistic回归模型对影响农户参与乡村旅游扶贫的因素进行研究。研究发现:农户参与乡村旅游扶贫的比例较高,但是旅游经营的项目单一;农户的学历、劳动力数量、地理位置、参与乡村旅游扶贫培训的次数对农户参与乡村旅游有显著地正向影响作用;农户生计资本和对旅游发展的感知中的权力关系、可借款能力、家庭年收入、了解乡村旅游扶贫政策、有资源用于发展乡村旅游也是影响农户参与的主要因素。在此基础上,提出了加大扶贫政策宣传力度,提高旅游扶贫政策利用程度完善旅游相关基础设施,扩大农户扶贫资金来源渠道,完善扶贫资金体系,完善旅游供给侧创新旅游经营模式,实行多项扶持的针对性建议。     

Agrarian change,populism, and a new farmers' movement in 21st century Pakistani Punjab

Activists and scholars have debated whether “agrarian populisms” premised on multiple classes and groups can pursue progressive objectives if exploiters and exploited are in the same movements. In Pakistan, the militant Pakistan Kissan Ittehad emerged in 2012 by uniting different classes of owner-cultivators who are largely not in direct relations of exploitation with each other. We argue that the PKI nevertheless advances the interests of a “second tier” of rural capitalists, who exploit rural labourers, while underplaying the interests of owner-peasant farmers. This divergence of interests has contributed to the fragmentation of PKI along class and political lines, including attempts by peasant farmers to independently organize around issues particular to them. We suggest that progressive agrarian populism must hinge on the interests of rural labourers and peasant farmers and that second-tier capitalist farmers may be tactical allies as they oppose neoliberal globalization. However, rural labourers and peasants are ideologically and organizationally weak, and thus, the possibility of left-wing agrarian populism requires much legwork.     

农村公共品供给中的“市场包干制”：运作模式与实践逻辑

建设与分散小农户有效对接的公共品供给机制是乡村善治的关键命题。国家在外部监控的前提下将公共品供给事务承包给私人主体,生成了"市场包干制",它能够实现前台治理与后台治理的分离,形成了双层治理格局。市场机制能够通过激励清晰化实现服务专业化,而村社组织的支持能够降低协调成本,二者协同实现水利体系与分散小农的高效对接。由此可见,国家是公共品供给的第一责任主体,高效的公共品供给离不开国家的引导与支持;而市场机制具有调动积极性的优势,国家在有效监控的前提下利用市场机制的优势能够提高公共品供给效率。     

农民法律素质探析

2012年是第六个五年法制宣传教育规划实施的第二年。经历了26年的不懈努力，法律知识在农村得到广泛普及，农民法律知识贫乏、法制观念淡薄的状况有了很大改观，但仍存在不足。在此基础上，本文分析了农民法律素质的现状、成因，探索了农民法律素质提高的政策思路和有效方式。     

乡村旅游地农户亲环境行为采纳意愿及影响因素分析——以测土配方施肥为例

[目的]面对日益突出的农业面源污染及耕地质量下降问题,乡村旅游地的地域生态优势对于国家推进生态文明建设具有重要意义,积极引导农户采用亲环境行为已成为实现农业可持续发展的内在需求。[方法]文章基于江西省婺源县317份调研数据,采用多元线性回归模型,以农户采纳测土配方施肥亲环境行为的意愿作为研究主体,并分析意愿的影响因素。[结果](1)农户对测土配方施肥采纳意愿较高。(2)农户个体特征中农户年龄;家庭禀赋中家庭总人口变量;认知特征中推行必要性、风险认知、技术认知变量;社会网络中种植大户、乡村精英及合作社变量;外部环境因素中政府技术支持、市场价格及游客交流均对农户测土配方施肥采纳意愿有显著影响。[结论]应积极推动乡村旅游地农民专业合作社发展,对农户进行技能培训,积极培育年轻一代农户对提高农户亲环境行为采纳意愿具有重要意义。     

耕地细碎化促进了耕地“非粮化”吗 ——基于福建丘陵山区农户的微观调查

研究目的:基于福建省丘陵山区的农户调研数据,探讨耕地细碎化对耕地“非粮化”的影响。研究方法:有序Probit模型和Tobit模型。研究结果:(1)耕地细碎化促进了耕地“非粮化”的种植意愿和种植规模;(2)由于粮食的生活保障作用,当耕地细碎化程度增加时,农户同时种植粮食作物和经济作物的概率要高于仅种植经济作物的概率;(3)户主年龄、土壤肥力、承包地梯田占比、耕地分散程度、机械化程度、村庄到县城的距离也是影响耕地“非粮化”种植意愿和规模的重要因素。研究结论:耕地细碎化促进了耕地“非粮化”,应该在严格把控耕地“非粮化”底线的基础上,明确耕地利用优先序,通过缓解耕地细碎化,优化细碎化耕种方式的手段促进粮食生产,从而达到稳固粮食安全的目的。     

“Been-heres vs. come-heres” and other identities and ideologies along the rural–urban interface: A comparative case study in Calaveras County,California

The rural–urban interface is the place of transition between that which we call “urban” and that which we call “rural.” The interface is situated between two places perceived to be different, but which are indelibly linked. Although the functional differences between “rural” and “urban” people (or those seen as “been-heres” versus “come-heres”) seem to be diminishing, differing perspectives and preferences persist along the rural–urban edge. Such differences influence the way that land users, decision makers, and the community manage the environment and react to landscape change. Using a comparative case study in Calaveras County, California, I examine the differences and similarities between “been-heres” and “come-heres” along several lines: basic demographic characteristics, political party affiliations and ideologies, and conceptions of private property rights, concluding that the dichotomy is false but instructive. The been-here/come-here divide, rather than being a definitive means for characterizing stakeholders or predicting their behavior or perspectives, serves as a heuristic for understanding the starting places of certain actors. Furthermore, this kind of analysis reveals not only where and how people and perspectives contrast but also the ways that they converge. Improving our understandings differing people and perspectives is especially important as decision-makers struggle to plan for and manage livable places and sustainable environments among groups with varying preferences which may sometimes conflict.     

浙江温岭围塘养殖调研报告

论文采用访谈法和参与观察法,调查研究了浙江温岭围塘养殖的发展历程和乐海水产养殖场的社会经济状况。调研结论:(1)围塘养殖是在养殖户与政府的良性互动中发展起来的;(2)乐海水产养殖场的池塘多由个人承包经营,但分为竞标承包和协商承包两种;(3)乐海水产养殖场的塘租逐年上涨,并在近年上升加快,反映了养殖效益的提高;(4)乐海水产养殖场的养殖户呈现出了明显的地区集中分布状况;(5)乐海水产养殖场的养殖户年龄偏大,多数集中在40-70岁之间;(6)乐海水产养殖场养殖户的受教育程度偏低,全部为小学文化和初中文化程度,且小学文化程度的养殖户略多于初中文化程度的养殖户。就调研所得,文章建议:(1)养殖户与政府应加强双向互动;(2)围塘养殖应转变现有的养殖模式;(3)通过调整合约结构引导养殖户的养殖生产。     

土地信托流转“草尾模式”下的农民收益研究

研究目的:研究农村土地信托流转"草尾模式"的农民收益,定量分析土地信托流转的农民增收情况。研究方法:实地调查法、文献资料法。研究结果:土地信托流转"草尾模式"下,农民收入主要由土地承包经营权转让费、工资性收入和隐性收入组成,2012年沅江市农村居民人均纯收入为10060元,比上年增长17.5%。研究结论:尽快落实农村土地登记确权工作,扫清法律障碍;完善对土地流出农民合理、规范、多元保障机制;培育公开、公正、规范的农村土地承包经营权流转市场;加强对土地信托市场的财政与金融支持。