Strategic planning III: Objectives and program options

This series of papers deals with technological forecasting in strategic planning. In the first paper the author examines forecasting and planning as a process, identifying five roles of forecasting (1) Identifying policy options; (2) Aiding strategy formulation; (3) Identifying program options; (4) Selecting programs for funding, and (5) Selecting opportunities for funding. The subsequent papers deal primarily with the first and third roles.The second paper of the series describes perspective trees—a form of relevance tree—for identifying policy options. A perspective tree is used to interrelate sets of social, economic, political, and technological forecasts that pote threats and present opportunities for strategic consideration.The third paper of the series describes the use of objective trees in structuring program options for selected strategies. R&D programs as well as marketing and other functional business programs are structured—clarifying options for the decision-making process.     

Disruptive technologies: a business model perspective on cloud computing

A viable business model is crucial for the successful commercialisation of disruptive technologies. The cloud computing industry provides an ideal example for exploring how various elements of a business model contribute to a product's success (or failure). We examine how Amazon.com, Salesforce.com and Siebel responded to the disruptive power of the cloud computing technology. Our findings suggest disruptive technology per se is not the reason for the collapse of large corporations, but rather the failure to adapt or create new business models to incorporate novel technology. Our findings have direct implications for strategic managers and entrepreneurs seeking to leverage disruptive technologies through the right business model.     

企业自愿性信息披露行为的“同伴效应”研究 ——来自管理层业绩预告的实证证据

信息披露关乎整个资本市场的运行质量和健康发展,但现有研究主要关注企业内部特征和制度环境对信息披露行为的影响,较少考察企业间的相互作用。借助同伴效应的分析逻辑,以2010—2019年沪深A股上市公司发布的业绩预告为样本,对自愿披露同伴效应的形成机制、情境因素及经济后果进行探究。结果表明:企业业绩预告披露行为存在明显的"同伴效应";且异质性研究发现:环境不确定性高、对外融资依赖强的企业更易受到同伴披露行为的影响;此外,基于同伴效应的信息披露行为,可以提升个体企业的未来价值。本文不仅为企业策略性信息披露提供一种新解释,而且有助于提高企业信息披露管理能力,对于加强信息披露监管和金融风险防范等方面均具有重要现实意义。     

Can corporate social responsibility resolve the sanitation question in developing Asian countries?

The existing state of sanitation in developing Asian countries fails to deliver a level of service that is adequate for meeting the human right to a standard of living consistent with dignity and health, or for sustaining the capacity for future generations to have access to clean water resources and healthy ecosystems. We argue that translating the current neo-centralised technologies and institutional arrangements mainstreamed by industrialised countries would not resolve the problem in the context of developing countries. Instead it is necessary to ‘leap frog’ to the emerging technological and institutional arrangements that are responsive to current needs and contexts and to potential risks. The sustainability focus and often decentralised technologies of this emergent stage in sanitation present many opportunities for new actors to enter the urban sanitation industry. At the same time, there are many barriers to entry, particularly from the perspective of conventional business management focused on increasing shareholder value.We propose that perspectives from the corporate social responsibility discourse have the potential to provide both the ‘pull’ for seizing the business opportunity for profit while serving social needs, and the ‘push’ to overcome the barriers in order to serve a wider social purpose for corporations. The wealth of nations, at least as reported in ubiquitous GDP terms, has greatly increased through the activities of corporations driven by a profit motive; but the increased poverty, injustice and ecosystem degradation that have resulted from economic activity suggest that corporations perhaps ought to have regard for broader concerns beyond shareholder value. We explore how the alternative relational view of a corporation, as a metaphorical person within society who adopts a moral code consistent with both Buddhist economics and Adam Smith's philosophy, may facilitate profitable corporations that provide better economic, ecological and social outcomes in serving the need for sustainable sanitation services in developing Asian countries.     

战略生态管理方法研究

为了应对经济全球化和越来越广泛的环境保护需求,企业需要创新战略思维和管理方法,从经济、社会、自然复合生态系统的角度思考和管理企业的经营行为.本文运用复合生态系统的理论和产业生态学的方法,论述了战略生态管理的定义、内涵和方法论,为企业实施战略生态管理提供了理论框架和方法.     

动态竞争战略下的全面预算管理

全面预算管理作为战略管理的阶段化、具体化和程序化,它是执行战略规划的支撑,也是实现战略目标的重要保障。随着经济全球化步伐的加快以及市场竞争的日益加剧,企业经营环境的不确定性越来越大,以致传统的企业战略管理受到了严峻挑战,取而代之的是动态竞争战略。本文在分析动态竞争战略之特征的基础上,对动态竞争战略下的全面预算管理问题进行了研究,并构建了与动态竞争战略相适应的预算管理模式。     

基于产业链的战略管理研究

产业链是一种包含生产企业、供应商、经销商、服务商、顾客等相互合作与信息交流活动的强有力的高绩效企业网络.新的企业组织形态和价值创造机制对战略管理提出了新的要求.与传统战略管理不同,基于产业链的战略管理要求链中的企业跨越企业边界,对质量、交货期和成本进行重新认识,企业的绩效不仅取决于企业自身的效率,同样取决于与产业链中其他相关企业合作效率,以及整个产业链价值创造系统的整体运行效率.针对传统战略管理理论的局限分析了产业链的基本特征及其对战略管理的影响,提出了产业链条件下的战略管理模式,指出战略管理应以产业链整体优化为目标,以企业间关系管理作为战略管理重点,以建立产业链内有效企业间市场为途径,实施高参与型管理.     

Local niche planning and its strategic implications for implementation of energy-efficient technology

It is widely recognised that the world is facing climate challenges that necessitate transitions towards more energy-efficient buildings. A key challenge is that visions of energy efficient buildings in policies often fail to become aligned with existing local practices. In order to overcome such a gap between policy visions and their implementation in practice specific forms of strategic work is needed, according to new transformative ideas in spatial planning. The aim of this paper is to characterize the transformative capacities of this kind of strategic work at the spatial scale of the town in order to assess how such activities engage with sustainable transitions. The theoretical contribution of the paper is to compare strategic work performed in transformative forms of spatial planning with the strategic work intended in strategic niche management, which represent a change-management process for enabling transitions. The study outlines the proactive spatial planning of a Danish local authority in order to illustrate how the strategic work performed in this kind of local development project represents a special form of niche management that is able to create room for innovation and challenge existing socio-technical regimes in the building sector, but still different to typical strategic niche management processes. Based on this empirical study, the paper challenges the narrow focus on niches around technology development processes in strategic niche management by pointing towards niche planning in local development projects as another relevant context for niche management. However, as discussed in the paper, this assumes a more strategic form of planning than is often practised today, where more emphasis is put on how planning can contribute to promoting sustainable transitions.     

A challenge of integrating technology foresight and assessment in industrial strategy development and policymaking

Appropriate demand articulation of emerging technologies to social needs are vital to the economic and social productivity, and it is essential to grasp the future trends of social needs and technology advancement to promote the strategic technology policy. Japan embarked on technology foresight in the early 1970s and has since been conducting a regular Delphi survey approximately every 5 years. To explore a new intelligent methodology for integrating technological seeds and social needs by articulating future demands, this paper reviews the following two cases: the Delphi-scenario writing (DSW) method, which is applied in 1977 for the home/office small facsimile, and the method of general assessment applied in 1972 for informationalization, which focused on the rapidly advancing information society, with a matrix scoring and policy-simulation method. Those new approaches were proved to be a powerful methodology to integrate the technology forecasting and assessment for comprehensive understanding of the emerging technologies and their social impacts in the form of integrated technology road mapping, which supports the integrated strategic planning methodology for enhancing the future innovation system.     

A systems approach to policy analysis and development planning: Construction sector in the Turkish 5-year development plans

In this study, we propose a new model for systems analysis ‘of’ policy and systems analysis ‘for’ policy with the example of construction sector in the Turkish 5-year development plans.Our proposed model—integrated development management model (IDMM)—is conceptually based on the principles of systems thinking and integrated management approach.We present and discuss the results of our work in which we extracted all construction-related policies and strategies from eight 5-year development plans and analyzed them using the IDMM. In the light of the analyses, we give several answers to the question: “Why did the development plans fail to meet their targets in Turkey?” We propose that any development plan has to have claritas-unitas-integritas-consonantia between the management levels (normative, strategic, and operational) and components (goals, structures, and behavior) of IDMM.The paper is the first work that brings the concepts of development planning and foresight together. In a complementary stance, the time of integrating foresight and development planning has come.     

Strategic Research Partnerships: A Managerial Perspective

Private sector incentives to participate in research partnerships can be grouped roughly into two categories: cost-economizing incentives and strategic incentives. This paper summarizes the argument in two streams of thought that are often identified with these two sides: the transaction-cost/incomplete contracts approach and the strategic management approach. The paper recounts business motives to engage in research partnerships in each and points out that differentiating between more traditional economic perspectives (transaction costs, incomplete contracts) and strategic management/organizational theory perspectives (strategic networks, resource-dependent view, dynamic capabilities, knowledge-based view, organizational learning, options approach) may not be as sharp as one might suppose at first. The complementary nature of these perspectives should be encouraging for theoreticians looking for a more integrated model of collaboration.     

企业数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响

基于组织变革理论与知识基础观,引入知识管理与企业家导向变量,探讨企业数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响机制与情境效应。结果表明：①数字化转型对商业模式创新存在显著正向影响;②知识管理在数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响过程中发挥中介作用;③相比于低水平企业家导向,高水平企业家导向会强化数字化转型与知识管理的关系,弱化知识管理与商业模式创新的关系。     

Strategic Research Partnerships: A Managerial Perspective

Private sector incentives to participate in research partnerships can be grouped roughly into two categories: cost-economizing incentives and strategic incentives. This paper summarizes the argument in two streams of thought that are often identified with these two sides: the transaction-cost/incomplete contracts approach and the strategic management approach. The paper recounts business motives to engage in research partnerships in each and points out that differentiating between more traditional economic perspectives (transaction costs, incomplete contracts) and strategic management/organizational theory perspectives (strategic networks, resource-dependent view, dynamic capabilities, knowledge-based view, organizational learning, options approach) may not be as sharp as one might suppose at first. The complementary nature of these perspectives should be encouraging for theoreticians looking for a more integrated model of collaboration.     

Strategic planning, strategic management, strategic foresight: The seminal work of H. Igor Ansoff

H. Igor Ansoff was the prominent reference in the corporate strategy field, especially during the 1960s and 1970s. His bestseller, Corporate Strategy, was the first to give a conceptual framework and a tool box to top managers, consultants and scholars. Recognized as the real pioneer of the field, he was seen by Henry Mintzberg as also the leader of the strategic planning school. The aim of this short article is to show that he was also the father of strategic management and a leader who gave an impressive set of concepts and ideas to promote an integrative and flexible view of strategic planning, strategic foresight, organizational structures and processes.     

业务外包决策的经济学分析模型

业务外包正在成为企业或国家的一种经营战略与经营管理的新理念。在系统综述业务外包与外包管理理论和应用研究的基础上,运用经济学分析问题的方法和思路,在简单的假定前提下,给出一个业务外包分析的经济学模型,模型分析表明,业务外包不仅会增加本企业或本国的工资水平,而且会提高一国的就业率。     

基于集体主义的企业科技向善：逻辑框架与竞争优势

新冠疫情对经济及社会运行造成了重大冲击,除了履行慈善捐赠等传统社会责任行为,一些企业还通过科技创新与善意的产品供给抗击疫情,企业与社会的融合互动更加紧密,据此引出企业科技向善概念。通过厘清企业科技向善概念,梳理了企业科技向善与竞争优势的关系,讨论了企业科技向善的未来研究方向,从企业与社会关系角度丰富和扩展了企业战略管理研究,并为企业管理实践与政府监管提供了新视角。     

Cultivating the strategic use of information technology: lessons from hong kong

An executice decelopment programme which facilitates the strategic management of information resources is described. this programme uses a contriubution of mini-lectures and experiential learning in a workshop, format to help senior managers play an information technolofy (IT) leadership role in their entepires. It is noted that the growing importance of information and its associated technology has increased the need for a proactice management approach in current and near-future business environments. The growing possibilities which are resulting from rapid progress in IT must be linked with businerr needs and competitive imperatices to achieve a strategic impact with IT, as illustrated by; classic example of strategir-level information systems. The leadership development programme considen a framework for developing a strategic vision of IT in a particular enterprise and then facilitates the planning strategie infirmation .system to support that vision, using a entical success factors approach.     

战略联盟关系资本的形成及其管理

战略联盟关系资本能给企业带来关系性租金,从而提升企业的竞争优势。但是,与一般企业管理不同,战略联盟管理更加复杂,其复杂性主要体现在如何妥善处理联盟企业之间的合作关系。因此,战略联盟管理需要加强关系资本管理,通过增加专用性资产投资、促进信任和承诺的循环递进,以及构建有效的冲突协调机制,从而建立和维护战略联盟关系资本。     

论跨国公司的社会责任——读霍肯的《商业生态学:可持续发展的宣言》有感

本文简要介绍和评述了霍肯的著作《商业生态学:可持续发展的宣言》的基本思想和主要观点,强调了解决商业与环境之间二元悖论问题的关键,在于设计、创造一个可持续发展的商业模式,使之能融入生态系统的可恢复体系中,并强调在这个过程中,企业"对社会负责"是一种自愿的行为。从霍肯的观点出发,笔者反思了跨国公司违背生态伦理的种种"罪行",提出必须以更为冷静、客观的态度来看待跨国公司,并提出了"拯救跨国公司=拯救人类自己"的主张。     

New Protagonists in Global Economic Governance: Brazilian Agribusiness at the WTO

The existing international economic order has been heavily shaped by US power and the US has been a key driver of globalisation and neoliberal economic restructuring, prompting speculation about whether the rise of new developing country powers could rupture the current trajectory of neoliberal globalisation. This paper analyses the case of Brazil at the World Trade Organization (WTO), a core institution in global economic governance. In the last decade, Brazil successfully waged two landmark trade disputes against the US and EU and created a coalition of developing countries – the G20 – which brought an end to the dominance of the US and EU at the WTO and made their trade policies a central target of the Doha Round. Brazil's activism has been widely hailed as a major victory for developing countries. However, I argue that rather than challenging the neoliberal agenda of the WTO, Brazil has emerged as one of the most vocal advocates of free market globalisation and the push to expand and liberalise global markets. I show that Brazil's stance has been driven by the rise of its export-oriented agribusiness sector. This case demonstrates that business actors from the Global South are becoming significant new protagonists in global economic governance; they are taking the tools created by the states and corporations of the Global North – in this case, the WTO and its neoliberal discourse – and turning them against their originators. At the same time, their interests are being wrapped in and advanced through a discourse of development and social justice and a strategic mobilisation of the politics of the North-South divide.