试论生态文明新时代自然保护区之基础性 地位

中国新时代生态文明建设为自然保护区的定位提出 了新的战略需求，正在开展的自然保护地整合优化工作对自 然保护区定位提出了现实需求，而自然保护区本身面临事权 职责模糊不清、严格管控名不符实、旅游管理参差不齐的混 乱迷局。将自然保护区定位为自然保护地体系中的基础性地 位，基于自然保护区已经取得生物多样性保护的显著成效、 是物种及其栖息地保护的核心阵地、是生态安全与生态系统 服务的基本底线3个原因。为实现自然保护区的基础性地位， 应在法律法规中明确其地位与严格管理的基本要求，推动实 现中央事权与中央政府直管，保证自然保护区面积充足与代 表性充分，严格限制旅游经营活动，差别化管理和有序退出 社区生产生活活动。     

我国自然保护区生态旅游初探

生态旅游是自然保护区可持续发展的必由之路。我国自然保护区面积广大,数量众多,类型多样,生态旅游资源丰富,发展生态旅游的条件得天独厚。在自然保护区生态旅游开发中应遵循保护与开发并重、三大效益组合最佳、统一规划、合理布局、重点开发、协调发展等原则。要研究和制定出全国自然保护区生态旅游发展战略,建立生态旅游示范区,进行合理分区,合理规划生态旅游景区,协调生态旅游自然环境保护与社区发展的旅游行为。在产品开发中,要努力开发和推广绿色旅游产品。同时,还应进一步加大旅游管理力度等,以实现对自然保护区的旅游资源及其环境的有效利用和保护以及旅游业的可持续发展。     

大理苍洱自然保护区旅游与环境可持续发展的规划研究

苍山洱海是国家级自然保护区，同时又是国家级风景名胜区。这种双重身份，地域重叠的自然区域，由于旅游的开展而引发的环境、生态问题日趋突出。针对客观实际，在保护和开发并举的原则上，对该区域的旅游区、旅游模式等进行了规划，提出了旅游区域的保护指标、旅游客量，同时制定了相应的管理措施。     

自然保护区旅游活动生态干扰评价体系的构建

自然保护区旅游活动的开展在带来巨大经济收益的同时也带来了环境污染、景观破碎化、生物多样性减少等问题.因此,构建合理的旅游活动生态干扰评价体系,探索保护区旅游开发与生态保护的协调规律,对指导自然保护区进行有效开发与科学管理具有重大意义.文章从景观指数与生物多样性指数两个方面构建了自然保护区旅游活动的多指标定量化生态干扰评价体系,对于自然保护区旅游活动的开展具有较好的环境预警作用,能为保护区生态旅游管理者提供有用的信息,以便及时做出科学决策,同时也为自然保护区旅游规划是否符合生态系统保护的要求提供了定量化评价标准.     

北京松山自然保护区的经营目标与生态旅游对策

本文通过阐述我国国有林场体系自然保护区的来历,具体介绍了北京松山自然保护区概况及设置过程,分析了其经营目标,并对其旅游的开展进行了评价。最后提出,为了保护生物多样性,在国有林场体系的自然保护区内开展生态旅游是必要的,即以生态旅游为中介,由经营者、当地居民、旅游者及相关行政部门等利益主体来共同参与保护区的管理,最终实现保护生物多样性的目的。     

"三江并流"旅游资源可持续利用中的多途径整合研究

“三江并流”世界自然遗产地旅游资源数量丰，种类多，价值突出，可在世界自然遗产保护、自然保护区建设、生物圈保护区建设、国家地质公园建设、大香格里拉生态旅游区建设等很多高级别项目中进行利用和保护，但这种复杂的利用与保护网络也会带来多头管理、利益分割、重利用而轻保护等问题。本文在对“三江并流”旅游资源价值及其利用与保护问题进行分析的基础上，提出从空间优化、管理经营整合、规划整合、生态特区建设等方面入手，以世界自然遗产保护为主线，科学统筹地质公园、生物圈保护区、自然保护区、风景名胜区、大香格里拉建设等资源利用与保护工作的整合策略。     

探析自然保护区旅游开发的景观生态调控

旅游开发是自然保护区可持续发展的必由之路，但目前自然保护区在旅游开发过程中，出现了众多的景观生态问题。文章运用景观生态学的原理和方法，对自然保护区旅游开发过程中的景观生态问题提出了调控途径，包括旅游景观生态规划，旅游景观生态设计，旅游景观生态管理等三方面的内容。     

论江口鸟洲生态旅游示范区的建设思路

自然保护区的旅游产品开发水平要求比一般旅游地要高。文章通过对江口鸟洲自然保护区旅游资源的特点及其开发利用条件与旅游开发现状的分析，提出以生态保护为前提，优质的生态环境为特色，正确处理好生态保护与旅游开发的关系，统一规划，科学管理，合理控制游游人数，加强科学研究的思路和对策。     

基于低碳经济背景下的低碳旅游扶贫模式构建研究——以莫莫格国家级自然保护区为例

莫莫格国家级自然保护区不仅是吉林省最大的湿地保留地,而且还是鸟类的天然公园,具有极其重要的生态地位。但莫莫格自然保护区地处吉林省西部镇赉县境内,镇赉县被列为中国贫困县,因此,使之成为了生态保护与经济发展相互矛盾的典型代表。以低碳经济为核心的低碳旅游扶贫模式是解决这一矛盾,实现经济与生态环境良性循环和持续发展的必由之路。从分析莫莫格自然保护区面临的突出问题入手,指出莫莫格自然保护区开展低碳旅游拥有的优势,以及利用低碳经济对莫莫格自然保护区进行旅游扶贫的重要意义,并提出了开展低碳旅游扶贫的模式和对策。     

基于生物多样性保护条件下的旅游资源开发研究--以湖北九宫山自然保护区为例

文章讨论了生物多样性的概念和研究内容,对九宫山自然保护区内的生物多样性现状进行了系统的调查和论述,提出了在生物多样性保护条件下的自然保护区旅游资源开发原则,并对其开发模式进行了探讨。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.