外汇储备变动对货币政策到底产生什么影响

我国的外汇储备已达到6099.32亿美元.从开放经济条件下外汇储备与一国货币政策的内在联系与作用机制.我国外汇储备的现状及国际外汇储备状况、我国外汇储备规模是否适度、外汇储备变动对我国货币政策的影响和优化我国外汇储备的政策建议等五个方面研究了外汇储备变动对货币政策产生的影响.     

我国外汇储备变动对货币政策的影响

本文认为在开放经济条件下,一国外汇储备与国内货币供应量关系为:外汇储备变动是货币供给的重要渠道。外汇占款是基础货币的一部分,其数量变化会对货币政策产生影响。经常项目顺差和资本顺差对货币政策效应的影响不同。     

当前我国外汇储备对货币政策的影响

20世纪90年代中期以来,我国外汇储备在国际收支双顺差和外汇管理体制改革的推动下超常增长。金融危机以来,我国我国国际收支仍呈"双顺差",但顺差规模均有一定程度的下降。然而随着我国经济的快速复苏,大量"热钱"涌入,使外汇储备增加从而对我国货币政策造成影响。本文从理论上阐明了在开放经济条件下,外汇储备与货币政策的内在联系,分析我国外汇储备的现状及其发展趋势及其对货币政策的影响。     

我国货币政策有效性分析

货币政策的制定和实施是宏观经济稳定运行的基本保障,我国连续多年的经常项目和资本、金融项目顺差积累了巨额的外汇储备,央行被迫增发基础货币致使通胀预期上升,货币政策在内外失衡时的作用受到影响。本文运用回归分析和VAR模型验证货币政策对宏观经济的影响,从央行资产负债表结构变动实证检验外汇储备增加、央行货币冲销对货币政策的作用效果,最后基于实证检验结果提出增强我国货币政策有效性的措施。     

开放经济下中国货币政策独立性分析——兼论通货膨胀

开放经济下,中国货币供应量受制于外汇储备使货币政策丧失独立性。双顺差积聚起的巨额外汇储备是影响中国货币政策独立性的主要因素,通货膨胀也与货币政策的内生有关。应该改善一直以来实施的强制结售汇制度为意愿结售汇制度,加速利率市场化进程,尽快打通货币市场利率与金融机构存贷款利率的传导渠道,提高货币政策的效率,才能从根本上避免长期使用外汇冲销干预带来的各种政策弊端和机制扭曲。     

美联储加息背景下我国的货币政策“三元悖论”

本文考察了美国次贷危机后,在人民币巨大的升值压力下,我国的货币政策"三元悖论"问题,认为人民银行提高法定存款准备金率、公开市场操作等多种货币政策操作,有效化解了外汇储备上升对我国货币政策自主性带来的不利影响,并在利率市场化、人民币国际化及资本项目有限开放等一系列的金融改革中取得了较好成绩。本文分析了我国货币政策操作效果的影响因素,在资本有限管制下,我国的货币政策影响效果需要考虑存款准备金率、公开市场操作、非传统货币创新及外汇占款的综合影响,人民银行主动的货币数量性操作只有对冲掉国际资本流动的影响后才能影响国内金融市场。在此基础之上,本文进一步对比分析了美国加息后我国货币政策面临的"三元悖论"问题,认为在强烈的人民币贬值预期下,受外汇储备有限性的影响,人民银行在资本管制、汇率稳定与政策自主性方面的腾挪空间较升值过程中大幅下降,我国货币政策自主性会受到较大影响。     

开放条件下我国货币供给的内生性研究

本文研究表明,在开放条件下,我国的货币供给具有内生性.我国货币供给的内生性归结为基础货币和货币乘数的内生性.此外,外资机构的准人、资本与金融账户的开放、资本流动以及汇率制度等因素也都影响货币供给.我国中央银行不能自主地决定货币供给量,不能过分夸大货币政策的作用.中央银行货币政策的战略重点应从货币供给管理转向货币需求管理,货币政策操作目标应从货币供应量转向其它目标,如利率或汇率.     

我国货币政策面临的挑战及未来走向

流动性过剩是当前我国货币运行的基本特征。在过剩流动性的推动下,我国宏观经济运行中的内外结构性失衡状况表现越来越突出,致使中央银行的货币政策调控处于两难之中。基于这种经济结构内外失衡格局下,本文从开放条件下货币政策理论分析入手,深入剖析了当前我国货币政策运行的内外环境以及面临的困境。最后指出了开放条件下我国货币政策的未来走向应从加快利率市场化改革、加快汇率市场化改革、加快推进金融体制改革和加快推动金融市场建设四个方面着手。     

我国外汇储备持续增长对货币政策的影响

近年来,我国外汇储备呈现快速增长的态势,截至2011年末,我国外汇储备余额高达31811.48亿美元,如此高额的外汇储备增大了货币供给的内生性,加大了通胀压力,从而降低了央行货币政策操作的效果。本文首先从理论上分析我国外汇储备对货币政策的影响机理,以此为基础从我国外汇储备的现状入手,分析了我国外汇储备快速增长对货币政策的各种负面影响,最后提出一些措施和建议缓解外汇储备快速增长对货币政策的冲击。     

资本渐进开放、外汇储备累积与货币政策独立性——中国数据的实证研究

本文在开放和发展条件下,基于凯恩斯动态货币需求调节方程和Cavoli模型,构建了一个包含外汇储备增加的国内市场利率决定模型。对中国2001～2008年月度数据的OLS和TSLS回归结果表明国际市场利率和外汇储备增加对国内利率影响并不显著,而物价水平、产出和滞后一期的货币供给等变量系数符号不仅与理论预期一致,且检验结果显著。这表明中国渐进的资本市场开放战略和外汇储备的持续积累并没有对央行货币政策的独立性产生系统影响,对模型中变量系数的比较分析还发现中央银行的货币冲销政策效果非常明显。为使模型更加优化,由增加残差序列二阶自回归对原模型进行了调整,回归结果证实了上述结论。论文进一步采用了递归的SVAR模型来分析国际利率和外汇储备增加对国内利率的动态冲击效应,脉冲响应函数表明这种动态冲击效应同样十分微弱,再一次表明了中央银行的货币冲销有效性和国内货币政策的独立性。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…