产学研合作创新网络演进过程及其主体知识传递模式探究

产学研合作创新网络的演进过程以及合作创新主体特性与知识传递模式,都将影响到产学研合作创新的效果。分析了产学研合作创新主体在网络形态下的基本特性;从学习方式转变的角度,剖析了产学研合作创新网络演进的一般过程;结合产学研合作创新网络演进过程中主体间信任关系的变化,探究了合作创新主体知识传递模式的演变。认为合作创新网络主体特性促进了主体间的知识传递;知识传递模式的演变以信任为基础,并与产学研合作创新网络演进过程相关,且在不同阶段体现出知识传递主导模式的差异。     

“厅地协同创新”的模式研究

“厅地协同创新”能够提供特定条件下探究培育技术创新的政策路径,有助于推动产学研合作和技术联盟升级、丰富区域经济社会发展路径,有利于创新型人才的培养和成长。“厅地协同创新”的模式对推动协同创新的演进和提升协同创新的实施效果具有重要作用。文章首先从“区域协同创新”的作用出发重点介绍了“区域协同创新”的构建模式;其次在构建模式过程中发现该模式国内外各有不同,国外协同创新的模式有：协议合作方式、立法合作方式、会议合作方式,国内“厅地协同创新”的模式有：协议合作模式、设立开发基金模式、中介模式、会议模式等;最后,研究得出这些模式对协同创新的演进和丰富协同创新的内容具有重要作用。     

企业合作创新模式探究

合作创新是企业主体间实现资源共事、优势互补，分散风险、降低成本、缩短创新时间、调整产业结构、提高竞争力的一种选择。分别运用企业资源和能力理论、交易成本理论和产业组织理论，阐明了合作创新的理论依据，并将企业合作创新归纳为3种模式，即产学研合作创新模式、虚拟企业合作创新模式、战略联盟合作创新模式。最后针对我国企业合作创新的现状，提出了应采取的对策。     

政府-高校-企业协同的产学研合作模式探索与实践

以清华大学与淮安市产学研合作为例,构建了高校与政府、企业产学研协同创新模式。淮安的实践证明,这种以市校全面合作协议为基础、产学研专项资金为引导、产学研合作办公室为中心的产学研协同创新模式,有效推动了高校与地方的产学研合作以及企业的技术创新。     

政府-高校-企业协同的产学研合作模式探索与实践——以清华大学与淮安市产学研合作为例

以清华大学与淮安市产学研合作为例,构建了高校与政府、企业产学研协同创新模式.淮安的实践证明,这种以市校全面合作协议为基础、产学研专项资金为引导、产学研合作办公室为中心的产学研协同创新模式,有效推动了高校与地方的产学研合作以及企业的技术创新.     

合作技术创新风险分析

合作技术创新作为一种创新的主流模式 ,风险问题没有得到充分重视。文章在对合作技术创新风险问题文献研究和总结的基础上 ,提出了狭义合作创新风险和广义合作创新风险 ,并对引起狭义合作创新风险因素进行了分析 ,对广义合作创新风险进行了描述。     

基于知识管理的企业集成创新与合作创新契合机理研究

集成创新与合作创新是提高企业自主创新能力的两种重要方式,二者的有机融合可以实现功能倍增。从知识的角度探讨了集成创新与合作创新的契合机制,分析了集成创新与合作创新的相通,提出了知识螺旋契合、管理行为契合以及目标契合3种契合模式,并分析了3种模式的内在作用机制。     

双边关系质量与合作治理模式:整合分布式创新核心机制的概念模型

分布式创新是近年来技术创新领域的一个前沿主题,已有学者发现企业间双边关系质量对分布式创新结果和绩效具有促进作用,但关于其对分布式创新过程及治理模式的影响仍缺乏机理性认识。从社会网络视角,基于分布式创新机制与合作治理理论,提出了企业间关系质量—分布式创新机制—合作治理模式的分析框架。通过深入分析分布式创新中双边关系质量对合作治理模式选择的影响,构建了一个由分布式创新内在机制和合作涉及的技术范围组成的带有中介和调节作用的路径整合模型。总体来说,解释了双边关系质量通过完善分布式创新机制使得企业更倾向于选择股权合作模式的内在机理,希望通过该模型为后续学者提供一个分析双边关系特征与合作创新之间关系的新思路。     

创新生态系统协同创新合作机制研究

从进化心理学角度分析创新组织协同创新的发生及进化原理,基于不完全信息动态博弈对协同创新的发生及进化原理展开分析和推演,结果发现长期合作、直接利益、共同利益、商业信誉能够有效推动创新组织间协同创新。通过问卷收集一手资料,对上述结论进行实证检验。最后,提出构建创新生态系统协同创新合作机制的建议：将利益刺激作为原始驱动力,促使创新组织开启合作模式;扩大商业信誉影响力,为创新组织合作启动监督模式;重视长期合作效用,打造创新组织长效合作模式。     

企业合作创新运行机制的探讨

在企业合作创新理论研究中,理论界已做了关于企业合作创新的组织模式及其选择的研究,以及关于企业合作创新网络的对象选择的讨论;该文结合企业合作创新的运行机制内涵及原因,分析了企业合作创新的运行机制特征,并提出了企业合作创新的运行机制实现条件。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。