跨组织信息系统研究述评

分工与合作越密切的组织,信息分享需求越高,因此．越需要重视跨组织的信息整合。今天,跨组织信息系统已成为企业获取竞争优势的一种战略需要。文章讨论了跨组织信息系统的定义、研究跨组织信息系统的理论视角和创建跨组织信息系统的意义,并进行了述评。     

模块化理论的再审视:局限及适用范围

模块化借助模块内部的信息隐藏等优势,正在越来越多的行业得到广泛应用,成为信息时代新产业结构的本质。本文认为,从一体化框架下脱颖而出的模块化不可能成为产业发展的终极稳态。因为模块化既存在诸多难以解决的缺陷,也缺乏一体化的内部协调优势。不能直接定论采用一体化还是模块化,应该根据技术性能和消费需求的差距,在产品性能尚不够好的时候采用一体化,在性能好过头的时候采用模块化,二者交替使用。     

Technology management as part of strategic planning – some empirical results

During the past years R&D management has been broadened into technology management, and the fruitfulness of its integration into strategic management has become clear. Empirical research has shown that R&D contributes relatively more to conventional output measures of firms that capital, and might therefore be expanded. However, whether its strategic direction should be aligned with that of other business functions is less than clear. Better information, including competitor technological intelligence information, is needed to better support strategic decisions.     

手写时代到印刷时代拉丁字母文字形态的演变及信息传递

文字是人类文明进步不可缺少的基本工具,它既是语言的载体,也是信息化社会的基础。拉丁字母文字从一万多年前的原始文字到现代表音的字母文字,经历了漫长的原始文字、古典文字和字母文字三大阶段,文字形态的每一个变化,在保有历史痕迹的同时,也实现了更加快速有效传达信息的目的。各个时代不同的文字书写工具和载体作为媒介指导了信号的传递,并直接影响到当时的文字形态和信息传达。古登堡铅活字印刷术的发明带来了信息传递的重大技术变革,使得文字形态进入印刷文化阶段;印刷油墨和纸张作为文字的新载体在世界范围内推广,陆续产生了现在依然有影响力的诸多拉丁字母文字。铅字字模印刷文字形态的一致性,使得固定形态重复出现时的文字可识别性大大提高,形成了规范的印刷品文字形态,使文字的易读性和可读性明显优于形态相对不固定的手写体,使信息能够被更加清晰准确地传递,对更好地实现文字的功能具有重要意义。随着信息化社会的发展,印刷文字扮演着越来越重要的角色,拉丁字母文字印刷体形态如何更好地传达信息必将得到更大的关注和更深入的研究。     

Competition and Managerial Incentives: Board Independence,Information and Predation

We show that the choice of an independent board serves as a commitment by management that it will abstain from ex post decisions that are not in shareholder interests. However, an independent board, relying on product market information to make or approve strategic decisions, also makes the firm more vulnerable to predatory information manipulation by its industry rivals. The optimal board type trades off the cost of the agency problem with that from predation. We show that only for weaker firms is an independent board the better choice, and for such firms, increased competition makes board independence even more beneficial.     

军事地理信息系统在装备保障数字化中的应用

随着信息技术的不断发展,装备保障数字化的研究越来越受到重视。军事地理信息系统(MGIS)可把装备保障的各个组成单元与地理信息有机结合起来,达到提高装备保障效能的目的。通过介绍MGIS及其构成,从数据输入、数据管理、空间分析、数据输出和应用模块等方面讨论了MGIS的功能,分析了装备保障数字化的地理信息需求,探讨了MGIS在装备保障数字化中应用的3个层次,从而充分发挥MGIS的优势,实现装备保障的自动化和数字化。     

Information systems in fast cycle development: identifying user needs in integrated automotive component development

Product development literature strongly emphasizes the need for open communication between suppliers and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). There is a widespread expectation that computer-aided communication networks will enable organizational members to work more flexibly, to share knowledge and competencies, and to span functional and company boundaries. However, few studies merge the possibilities of new information technologies and the operational needs of specific groups of users, for example product development engineers. The research reported in this paper aims to fill that gap. Through in-depth case studies of two development projects involving one auto OEM, one of its systems suppliers (working directly with the OEM) and five medium-sized expert suppliers (working either directly with the OEM or through the systems supplier), we identify three groups of user needs that are not currently satisfied by existing information system solutions: improvement of coordination and communication; enhancement of the access to new technological information; and support for the development of an organizational memory. We then explore what kind of information systems might help satisfy the above-mentioned needs. Potential barriers to efficient implementation of information systems in terms of the motivation of people using the systems, the reliability of the information, and the willingness to render information more transparent are discussed. It is concluded that when implementing information systems to support operational development work, it is essential to ground the system specification in clearly identified user needs that reflect the double nature of product engineering, namely the continuous interplay between routines and cognitive processes.     

第二价格密封拍卖理论框架下政府投资项目招投标模式改进研究

在政府投资项目招投标过程中,招标人所面临的最大问题便是与投标人间的信息不对称.招标人发布招标信息,但却难以了解投标人的相关信息,而且由于投标人会利用招标人的信息缺陷寻求更多的利润,有意的陈蔽其真实心理价格几乎成为一种必然选择,在这种情况下,业主怎样突破困境寻找到对自身最有利的报价呢?可以将政府投资项目的招投标过程看作是第二价格密封拍卖的逆向形式,在这种情况下,本着趋利避损的动机,投标人拄往会按照其真实心理价格来报价,使得业主可以较好地克服其信息缺陷,在招标过程中占据主动,从而选择到最适合的承包商,更有效地优化资源配置.     

The web as an information source for sales recruits: Its effectiveness in aiding anticipatory socialization of salespeople

Do firms' web pages contain information that will aid in the proper anticipatory socialization of sales recruits? While most Fortune 100 firms' web pages included general information (e.g., financials, news, product information), few listed industry information or provided an easy contact method for more information. Almost none included video or audio components, sales-specific pieces of information, or candid information about the selling job or the firm. Results of a convenience sample of potential recruits stress the importance of firms conducting primary marketing research in order to discover exactly what their recruits desire in a web page.     

Architectural Redesign, Interpersonal Communication, and Learning in R&D

An effective R&D organization needs information from a complex web of sources, including customers, suppliers, sales and marketing, and company management. Within the R&D organization, information must flow into and among numerous teams. This network of interpersonal communications can go a long way toward determining the success of a company's innovation efforts. In an exploratory study of a Belgian company operating in the telecommunications industry, Rudy K. Moenaert and Filip Caeldries examine the effects of interpersonal communication on market and technological learning in R&D. Trying to improve the flow of information into and within its R&D organization, this company designed its new R&D facility with an eye toward improving both market and technological learning throughout the organization. By locating R&D personnel in closer proximity to one another, management hoped to provide them with improved access to market and technological information, and thus increase their innovativeness. Contrary to expectations, placing R&D professionals in closer proximity to one another did not increase technological learning in this organization. In fact, technological learning actually decreased slightly during the period studied, though the change is not statistically significant. On the other hand, market learning and product innovativeness improved significantly during the period studied. For an R&D professional in this company, members of other R&D teams seem to be more important as sources of market information than as sources of technological information. Surprisingly, the relocation of R&D personnel also did not increase the amount of communication that takes place, either within a project team, between members of different teams, or between R&D professionals and the management steering committee. However, the architectural redesign does appear to have improved the quality of communication. R&D team leaders report that since the relocation, the information flowing into R&D has been more customer focused. This is attributed to the company's ongoing efforts to provide the tools and structures necessary for supporting the objectives of the architectural redesign. For example, implementation of quality function deployment (QFD) has helped innovation team members to focus more clearly on relevant information. The success of the architectural design required approaching this effort as a complex, ongoing process, rather than a quick-fix solution.     

Geographic overlap and acquisition pairing

Research Summary: This study examines the role of geographic factors in explaining acquisition pairing using a novel conditional logic methodology. Drawing from information asymmetry arguments regarding acquisition decisions, we theorize that geographic overlap between the acquirer and potential targets’ businesses and operations enables the acquirer to collect more information about the potential target through its multiple business operations that are geographically proximate. We also demonstrate moderating boundary conditions. In particular, we examine acquiring firm characteristics, acquiring firm size and geographic dispersion, which both weaken the relationship between geographic overlap and acquisition pairing. Likewise, we examine two dyadic distance moderators, geographic distance and product dissimilarity, both of which increase information asymmetry between the acquirer and potential targets, which increases the effect of geographic overlap in facilitating acquisition pairing. Managerial Summary: Firms pursuing acquisition activities face severe information asymmetry when evaluating potential targets. This study investigates how acquiring firms leverage geographic conditions to overcome information asymmetry and choose targets that they can better evaluate. We find that acquirers are more likely to choose targets that have subsidiaries or business operations overlapping in the same states as the acquirers themselves. This is particularly true for small acquirers, which lack resources and capabilities to seek external assistance, and acquirers that have business operations in more concentrated locations. We also find that acquiring targets with geographically overlapped business operations is especially salient when the target's headquarters is distantly located from the acquirer or when the target offers dissimilar products from the acquirer.     

Linking resources to strategic marketing plans

The objective of the planning process is to allocate resources towards strategies. The thought process described here is intended to help planners assess plans in terms of business area, strategy, finance, and risk. The process begins with the collection of information about business areas and product life cycles. From this information each business area assesses its competitive position and selects one or more strategies that are appropriate. Each strategy can serve as a framework for developing specific action plans and for specifying associated program expenditures and risks.     

Internetworked after-sales service

Firms, even ones in relatively heavy industries, seem to be moving in a direction in which information technology (IT) is becoming more and more integrated into their organizations. This paper describes a good, perhaps model, firm that appears to be getting better by recognizing IT per se as an actor in its after-sales organization. Both a smarter product and IT produced evolutionary changes in its after-sales operations. As the product becomes self-diagnostic, it is increasingly evident that the technology is an actual participant in the organization. These developments are interpreted in terms of internetworking concepts. Perhaps one outcome of this study will be to encourage leaders/managers to utilize some of the precepts of actor network theory (ANT) in their thinking.     

Information sharing and group efficacy influences on communication and decision quality

Group efficacy has generally been found to have a positive effect on group performance. This study reveals a less favorable consequence of high group efficacy, its tendency to promote inferior group decisions under certain circumstances. Previous studies have found that members in a group generally exhibit bias towards utilizing shared information to make decisions. This study examines the effect of group efficacy on both the process (in terms of communication) and outcomes (in terms of decision quality and deviation from initial individual preference) of group decision-making. When information was not completely shared by group members prior to group discussion, members of low-efficacy groups communicated more and more readily changed their initial decision preferences. In the end, they were able to make objectively better decisions. These effects of group efficacy were even more pronounced when individual group members had conflicting information in the beginning about the issues prior to group discussion.     

Bidder asymmetries in procurement auctions: Efficiency vs. information – Evidence from railway passenger services

We estimate a structural model of procurement auctions with private and common value components and asymmetric bidders using detailed contract-level data on the German market for railway passenger services. Exploiting exogenous variation in the procurement design, we disentangle the asymmetries in private costs from asymmetries in information about the common value. While each asymmetry can rationalize a firm’s dominance, understanding its source is crucial for evaluating the auction design as welfare and revenue implications depend on the source of dominance. Our results indicate that the incumbent is slightly more cost-efficient and has substantially more precise information about the common value component. If the bidders’ strategic response to the common value asymmetry were eliminated, the average probability of selecting the efficient firm would increase by 43%-points.     

A Risk-Return Analysis of a Firm's Working-Capital Position

In this paper, a method is proposed by which management is able to analyze the risk-return tradeoff for various levels of liquid assets for the firm and for different maturity compositions of its debt. Together, these factors determine its working-capital position. Certain probability concepts are employed; and information is provided about the risk of cash insolvency for alternative strategies. In addition, the opportunity costs of these strategies are determined. With the framework proposed, more rational working-capital decisions are possible. The firm is able to achieve a working-capital position that provides the appropriate margin of safety in relation to the cost involved in attaining that position     

软件能力成熟度模型(CMM)方法及其应用

随着信息产业的发展，软件开发过程中管理的规范化和标准化问题越来越为人们所关注。作为国际上最流行的软件企业成熟度等级认证标准，CMM提供了一个软件工程成果和管理方法的框架。简要介绍了CMM的基本内容和评估方法，并进一步分析了它在企业软件过程改进中的应用。     

Managerial Advantages of using Payback as a Surrogate for NPV

Existing literature identifies specific situations in which payback methods (PB) can provide precise surrogates for NPV analyses of accept/reject decisions. This paper extends that literature to take explicit account of taxation and of ranking decisions using profitability indices. Nevertheless, NPV can be considered preferable to PB as a basis for maximising stockholder wealth (MSW), because it requires fewer assumptions and provides more information. Yet simple PB continues to be used extensively, which suggests that it has advantages for decision-makers. Some authors suggest that its use reflects managerial short-termism and is inconsistent with MSW. In contrast, this paper proves that (with standard patterns of cash flows, defined risk classes and asymmetrical information) the use of PB instead of NPV should motivate risk-averse subordinate managers to adopt more positive NPV projects. Consequently, the appropriate use of PB can result in more wealth for stockholders than would occur using NPV directly. Furthermore, the use of PB avoids a number of costs and in the appropriate circumstances may therefore be the most cost-effective basis for evaluating investment decisions.     

Property rights and international investment in information technology services

Many modern information technology services are increasingly being produced in a host country to serve clients in an offshore location. As a result, the internationalization of service functions is beginning to resemble that of their more traditional manufacturing counterparts. This paper examines the role of formal and de facto property rights protection in the offshore location choice of information technology services. I also explore the role of a firm's global subsidiary network and its experience with similar property rights regimes. Using investment data based on 152 firms and their international information service investments between 2002–2006, the empirical results highlight the role of de facto property rights protection and related experience in location choice.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国网络会计的特点及其对传统财务会计实务的影响分析

随着网络信息时代的到来,互联网对财务会计的影响程度越来越大,使得财务会计无论从理论还是实践上都有了翻天覆地的变化。文章首先介绍网络会计的定义,然后重点分析它的特点及其对传统财务会计实务的影响。