纪念币市场喜忧录

纪念币是为纪念重大历史事件、杰出人物或有特殊意义的事物而发行的金属币。1979年,我国首次发行了建国30周年金银贵金属纪念币,1984年我国又开始发行了金属流通纪念币。近几年,随着人们投资意识的增强和精神追求的高雅化,我国纪念币收藏热浪迅速掀起,纪念币身价倍增,走红市场,与储蓄、股票、房地产并称四大投资。 日益繁荣的纪念币市场 纪念币在我国分为金属流通纪念币和贵金属纪念币,我国的纪念币发行的时间短,但发展的速度很快。目前已经形成较为完善的纪念币体系。1979年,题材为建国30周年的中国第一套金银纪念币诞生以来,迄今为止,我国金银纪念币已     

精美绝伦的金银纪念币

中华人民共和国从1980年3月开始发行金银纪念币。金银纪念币主要是在海外市场发行,以换取外汇。国内的金银纪念币大多是海外倒流回国的。 金银纪念币是纪念币中最高档次的币种。它的币材是用贵金属黄金、白银铸造,设计可以说是精美绝伦。像特种金银纪念币“熊猫”系列,受到世界各国收藏家     

纪念币挡不住的诱惑

中国人民银行从1980年起开始发行金银纪念币,从1984年起发行流通纪念币,从1993年起发行特种纪念币。纪念币目前已成为大众投资的新热点,特别是流通纪念币和特种纪念币总面值不到40元,目前市值已达到2000元。从1993年2月至1996年9月,上涨幅度已达50倍! 持续升值的流通纪念币 从1984年发行“中华人民共和国成立35周年”纪念币开始,至今已发     

普通纪念币发行及流通管理问题的探析

本文通过对我国普通纪念币的发行及流通管理问题的现状及问题进行分析,阐述我国普通纪念币当前发行及管理存在的利弊,深入剖析原因,对发行及管理的改革提出合理的建议,以利于逐步建立和完善普通纪念币发行和管理的相关机制体制,优化普通纪念币的发行和管理.     

人民币中的阳春白雪——贵金属纪念币

1979年中国人民银行首次发行了《中华人民共和国成立30周年》纪念金币,这是人民币第一套贵金属纪念币,开扁了人民币铸币的新纪元。历经30多年的发展,迄今人民币贵金属纪念币铸造共使用过4种贵金属（金、银、铺、钯）,采用了20多种生产工艺,围绕十大题材,系列发行了1600多个品种。     

人民币上的中华杰出人物

在中华文明的历史长河中杰出人物辈出,灿若星辰为华夏文明长空增光添彩。为纪念这些杰出的历史人物,弘扬民族精神,中国人民银行在1984至1993年期间发行了《中国杰出历史人物》系列贵金属纪念币,该系列纪念币共发行了10组,51个品种（见下表）。这些纪念币中的历史人物包括政治家、军事家、文学家、     

流通纪念币还有戏吗？

钱币收藏是近几年较为流行的一种投资方式，而其中尤以中国人民银行发行的流通纪念币最具代表性。1997年3月底，邮票和电话磁卡双双暴跌。许多高位进货的投资者严重被套，与此相反，流通纪念市却岿然不动，在低迷的市道中起到了重要作用。但是后来由于周边市场的影响及国家的政策调控，流通纪念币也未能幸免于难，全套流通纪念币市价从5500元下跌至3000元以下，致使未出局的投资者损失惨重。那么流通纪念币还会重新崛起吗？这是许多投资者都十分关心的问题，笔者认为，目前的流通纪念币虽然依旧在熊市中徘徊不前，但通过两年多的市场洗礼，…     

长城币——流通币中的奇葩

在人民币的流通硬币中有一个独特的币种——长城币。由于其发行量少,发行时间短,材质、面值、币体和图案独特,加之发行的时段在流通纪念币发行的前夜,被认为是当代中国流通纪念币的开山鼻祖和试机币。     

我国区域高技术服务业发展水平评价研究——基于主成分分析法

高技术服务业是我国发展服务型经济的必然要求,其形成与发展既遵循一般产业发展规律,又具有自身的特殊性。在设计高技术服务业发展水平评价指标体系的基础上,运用主成分分析法对我国部分省市高技术服务业的发展水平进行了分析与评价,研究结论显示我国区域高技术服务业发展水平参差不齐。在此基础上探讨了促进高技术服务业发展的相关政策建议。     

科技进步引发的设计理念之变

设计理念是与时代的生活方式,科技和生产发展水平紧紧相连的,科学技术的发展必然引发设计思想,设计观念的变革,为其发展提供更为广阔的空间,只有意识地运用现代科学技术去拓展工业设计的设计思维和设计理念,才能完成时代赋予工业设计的使命。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.