金字塔层级降低了国有企业的政治成本吗?--基于经理激励视角的研究

文章使用2004－2013年我国国有上市公司数据,考察了国有企业金字塔层级如何影响经理激励契约,以及这种影响在不同政治关联的情况下是否存在差异。研究发现,国有企业的金字塔层级越长,经理薪酬与会计业绩的相关性越强,经理更可能因糟糕的会计业绩而被更换;同时,在经理没有政治关联的样本中,上述现象更加明显。上述结果说明,国有企业金字塔结构是政府放权的一种制度安排,降低了国有企业面临的政治成本。但文章也发现,对于业绩良好的企业,金字塔层级过长可能导致经理拥有过度权力,从而出现操纵薪酬的现象。文章的发现对于深化国有企业改革具有重要的政策含义。     

会计造假的责任认定及其治理

会计造假在我国是一个久治难愈的顽疾,会计信息使用者、提供者、监管者一方面需要真实的会计信息,另一方面为了追求自身的利益,默认甚至纵容了那些对自己有利的会计造假,而指责那些对自己不利的会计造假。会计造假有着深刻复杂的社会背景,是社会上各种造假现象在会计工作领域的一种反映,还有不合理的行政管理体制的深层次原因。治理会计造假必须跳出就会计造假治理会计造假的怪圈,从导致会计造假的社会环境和体制因素入手,只有这样才能从根本上治理会计造假。     

完善注册会计师行业的管理——建立CPA行业信誉机制探析

近几年的会计、审计舞弊案频繁发生,会计理论界不得不探讨有关防范的措施。本文通过探讨CPA行业管理的缺 陷,揭示了造假舞弊案的根源--即缺乏一个有效的CPA行业信誉机制,并提出了培育CPA信誉机制的相关配套措施。     

注册会计师从业人员的专业胜任能力抑制会计舞弊的实证研究

笔者以2002年~2004年全国百家会计师事务所的注册会计师从业人员的素质结构作为研究样本,研究注册会计师从业人员是否能够有效抑制上市公司的会计舞弊行为。研究发现注册会计师的学历教育、从业经验与会计舞弊呈负相关关系,说明注册会计师从业人员的专业胜任能力能够抑制上市公司的会计舞弊行为。     

中国上市公司财务舞弊方式及对策研究

中国上市公司财务舞弊的方式主要有:利用关联关系和资产重组、侵占上市公司资金、变更会计政策和会计估计、洗大澡和潜亏挂账、掩饰交易或事实、地方政府的过度扶持、伪造编造原始凭证;对如何治理中国上市公司财务舞弊行为,笔者从上市公司内部管理,监督机制和政策法规等方面提出了若干对策和建议。     

Financial constraints,short selling and corporate fraud: Evidence from China

This study investigates the relationship between financial constraints and corporate fraud commission and its detection and the moderating role of short selling using a partial observable bivariate probit model. First, financially constrained corporations are more likely to commit fraud and their fraudulent behaviours are less likely to be detected. Second, short selling has an interesting effect on corporate fraud. On the one hand, short selling has a direct restraining effect on corporate fraud commission and increases the likelihood of corporate fraud detection. On the other hand, short selling plays a moderating role in the relationship between financial constraints and corporate fraud. This study contributes to the corporate fraud literature by analysing the factors influencing corporate fraud and provides theoretical support for regulators and managers in monitoring fraudulent behaviour.     

财务舞弊中存在的内部控制问题--对世界通信公司财务舞弊案之剖析

世界通信公司曾作为美国第二大长途电话公司，创造了美国资本市场有史以来规模最大的财务舞弊事件。通过对“线路成本”的调整，利用会计造假虚构了近110亿美元的利润。从其破产的案例中可以看出，世界通信公司治理机制的不完善，内部控制受到了极大的忽视，这也是造成世界通信巨大的财务舞弊最主要的原因。之后提出的《塞班斯法案》，要求建立企业财务报告的可靠性，运用真实可靠的会计信息加强对公司的内部控制和风险管理。因此，本文将通过分析世界通信财务舞弊的原因，以及对于防范企业财务舞弊强化内部控制的重要性。     

信息化情境下会计舞弊的成因与防范对策探讨

企业会计信息化趋势越来越明显,信息化情境下不同企业会计信息环境发生了不同程度的变化,但在《会计法》贯彻实施的过程中,不少单位及工作人员,尤其是会计人员在会计法律责任与职业道德方面的认识不足,以至于在处理会计事务过程中出现会计舞弊行为,会计舞弊的频频发生严重影响了公司正常的发展。探讨中国信息化情境下会计舞弊的成因与防范策略必要而迫切。     

Fact and Fiction in EU‐Governmental Economic Data

Abstract. To detect manipulations or fraud in accounting data, auditors have successfully used Benford's law as part of their fraud detection processes. Benford's law proposes a distribution for first digits of numbers in naturally occurring data. Government accounting and statistics are similar in nature to financial accounting. In the European Union (EU), there is pressure to comply with the Stability and Growth Pact criteria. Therefore, like firms, governments might try to make their economic situation seem better. In this paper, we use a Benford test to investigate the quality of macroeconomic data relevant to the deficit criteria reported to Eurostat by the EU member states. We find that the data reported by Greece shows the greatest deviation from Benford's law among all euro states.     

Professional scepticism in two economies with cultural differences and the public interest: evidence from China and the United States

Auditors’ professional scepticism is a topical concern for the audit profession and public interest. This study examines professional scepticism among fraud auditors in the forensic accounting profession in China (CN) and the United States (US). Data are collected from 373 and 401 CN and US auditors, respectively, in two economies with cultural differences. The multinomial logistic regression results indicate that both CN and US fraud auditors have higher levels of professional scepticism than general auditors do. There are no significant differences in traits between CN and US fraud auditors. High-ranking fraud auditors have higher levels of professional scepticism than junior-ranking fraud auditors for both CN and US auditors. The results of our sensitivity analysis validate the main results and indicate the findings’ robustness. Results support the normative pillar of the institutional theory (Scott 1995) that asserts actors (fraud auditors) of institutions would share common norms and beliefs in a social system because they are rooted in professional affiliations (accounting bodies) (DiMaggio and Powell 1983). Our findings contribute to the literature in the arena of the interests of the public and the economy.     

财务舞弊成因之综合分析

信息不对称、会计信息的公共商品属性、利益驱动、公司治理失效等是滋生财务舞弊的内在原因,而市场机制的缺位、信 息需求的不足、注册会计师审计的独立性缺失、法律制度的不完善以及道德约束的弱化是促成财务舞弊的外部条件。     

He Who Counts Elects: Economic Elites,Political Elites,and Electoral Fraud

What determines the extent of electoral fraud? This paper constructs a model of the tradeoff between fraud and policy concessions (public good provision) which also incorporates the strength of the state. In addition, we parameterize the extent to which economic elites (to whom fraud is costly) and political elites (to whom fraud is advantageous) “overlap.” The model predicts that fraud will be lower and public good provision higher when land inequality is higher, the overlap between elites lower, and the strength of the state higher. We test these predictions using a unique, municipal‐level dataset from Colombia's 1922 Presidential elections. We find empirical support for all the predictions of the model.     

董事会治理特征:上市公司信息披露违规的经验证据

作为公司治理核心的董事会具有信息披露监督的权利与义务,董事会治理水平直接关系到信息披露违规与否,深入研究二者的关系和互动机制,有助于探索提高公司治理有效性和会计信息披露质量的共性措施。本文在研究董事会治理特征的整体框架的基础上,以会计信息披露违规作为终极研究对象,选择2004-2006年间受证监会及证券交易所处罚的上市公司为样本,实证检验了董事会治理与会计信息披露违规的内在关系,为改善董事会治理水平、抑制信息披露违规提供经验证据。     

政治关联影响投资者法律保护的执法效率吗?

如何提高投资者法律保护的执法效率是近年来财务学研究的热点问题,也是资本市场能否健康有序发展的一个关键因素。本文以2000—2010年沪深两市因违规受到处罚的A股上市公司为样本,从处罚公告前监管部门的查处及时性、处罚公告前后高管被迫离职、处罚公告时的市场反应三个维度,深入考察政治关联是否影响中小投资者法律保护的执法有效性。研究发现:(1)监管部门对政治关联公司的违规查处存在时滞效应,其惩处周期显著长于无政治关联公司;(2)在处罚公告前一年和后一年,政治关联公司高管的被迫离职率均显著低于无政治关联公司;(3)违规处罚公告时,政治关联公司的负向市场反应大于非政治关联公司,且这种现象主要表现在国有样本里。这说明,政治关联会削弱中小投资者法律保护的执法效率,且"违规查处及时性"和"高管变更"是两种重要的影响路径。     

市场势力测度与影响因素分析-基于我国化学药品制造业研究

如何提高投资者法律保护的执法效率是近年来财务学研究的热点问题,也是资本市场能否健康有序发展的一个关键因素.本文以2000--2010年沪深两市因违规受到处罚的A股上市公司为样本,从处罚公告前监管部门的查处及时性、处罚公告前后高管被迫离职、处罚公告时的市场反应三个维度,深入考察政治关联是否影响中小投资者法律保护的执法有效性.研究发现:(1)监管部门对政治关联公司的违规查处存在时滞效应,其惩处周期显著长于无政治关联公司;(2)在处罚公告前一年和后一年,政治关联公司高管的被迫离职率均显著低于无政治关联公司;(3)违规处罚公告时,政治关联公司的负向市场反应大于非政治关联公司,且这种现象主要表现在国有样本里.这说明,政治关联会削弱中小投资者法律保护的执法效率,且"违规查处及时性"和"高管变更"是两种重要的影响路径.     

Professorial Rankings of Australian Accounting Departments

This article presents the results of a survey of professors in accounting departments in Australia. Professors ranked Australian accounting departments on a variety of research, teaching and staffing attributes, on contributions to the accounting profession and provided an overall ranking of the departments. Overall rankings placed the University of Queensland and the University of New South Wales a close first and second, followed by the University of Sydney, the University of Melbourne, the University of Western Australia, and Monash University. Analysis of the separate sub-dimensions of performance shows that it is variations in respondents' perceptions of research-related performance of departments which accounts for variation in the overall ranking. We also asked the professors for their views on several issues facing accounting educators and those who recruit accounting graduates. Most believed that there should be more breadth in undergraduate accounting courses than is currently the case. However, most felt that recruiters would prefer degree structures to remain as they are. There was overwhelming consensus that it was reasonable to expect ethics to be taught in accounting programs; that the Australian Securities Commission should not replace corporate management in the appointment of auditors; and that accounting standards should not be written to force very conservative depictions of profitability and financial position. There was disparity of opinions on whether auditors ought to be expected to foreshadow financial distress; whether the audit role should be expanded to explicitly embrace fraud detection; and whether financial reports should be understandable to the lay person.     

Securities fraud

Recent frauds in investment banks and securities houses have revealed how vulnerable modern financial institutions are to criminal activity by their employees. In this paper, we examine how regulators may limit the incidence of securities fraud by encouraging firms to provide managers and dealers with appropriate incentives and by imposing ex post penalties once a fraud has been discovered     

有效会计监管的均衡模型

会计欺诈已经成为世界范围内的重大问题 ,它给世界经济带来了重大的负面影响。本文通过建立两阶段动态博弈模型并对其求解发现 ,会计规则执行者的违规程度与惩罚力度、执行者的贴现因子以及政府的监管概率成反比 ;而政府的会计监管力度与惩罚力度、执行者贴现因子的平方以及政府的监管成本成反比。政府的最优事后会计监管的合适目标并不是要杜绝会计规则执行者的会计欺诈行为 ,而是将部分会计规则执行者的会计欺诈行为控制在一定的范围之内 ;最优的会计监管对于控制很看中当期收益的会计规则执行者的会计欺诈行为来说无能为力 ,控制这类会计欺诈行为的唯一措施在于提高会计监管的时效性 ;有效会计监管需要额外成本 ;并且有效会计监管实施的基本条件存在优先次序 :首先区分不同类型的会计规则执行者 ,其次区分会计规则执行者所承担的他们真正能够感知的违规处罚 ,然后才是选择最优的监管力度。     

发挥内部审计在企业内部会计控制中的作用

内部会计控制是单位为了提高会计信息质量,保护资产安全完整,确保有关法律法规和内部各项规章制度的贯彻执行等而制定和实施的一系列控制方法、措施和程序。一个企业要有一个有效的适合本单位业务特点和管理要求的内部会计控制系统,即自我约束机制,才能保证财务预算的合理执行、组织运营效率与效果的提高,从而有助于经营目标的实现、风险的防范和企业的稳步发展。     

税收法规与会计标准关系模式的国际比较与有益启示

国际上,税会关系存在着截然不同的盎格鲁-撒克逊模式和欧洲大陆模式.两种模式均有悠久的历史、深厚的文化传统以及由此形成的独特会计环境.税会关系模式差异的形成,主要由各国会计环境的差别决定.对税会关系模式产生重大影响的因素主要集中在法律体系、政府对市场经济的干预程度、资本市场、资本结构和公司治理这几个方面.两种模式在税会关系模式与公平税负、税会关系模式与税务行政效率、税会关系模式与会计标准目标的实现、税会关系模式与财务欺诈以及逃税的发现与惩罚等方面有不同的效应.我国目前正处在新一轮税制改革时期,会计准则和会计制度也日渐完善并逐步与国际会计惯例接轨,充分考虑我国现有国情,吸收、借鉴国际上两大税会关系模式的经验、教训,构建中国特色的、符合未来发展方向的税会关系模式,具有理论价值与现实意义.