论公允价值在新会计准则中的应用

2006年2月15日,财政部正式颁布新的企业会计准则,规定自2007年1月1日起率先在上市公司施行,并鼓励其他企业执行。新准则中最大的变化是,比较全面地引入了公允价值计量属性。在当前会计环境下,相对于历史成本计量属性而言,公允价值在我国会计实务中的运用已成为一种趋势,因为公允价值计量属性更加符合资产的本质,体现出资产内在价值,反映资产能够带来的经济利益,能够为投资者决策提供更加相关的信息。     

公允价值理论在我国的应用研究

随着经济的不断发展,历史成本计量属性己经越来越不能满足我国报表使用者的信息需要.在我国,公允价值的应用经历了提倡、回避和重新引入三个阶段,尤其是在2006年财政部颁布的新会计准则体系中,谨慎、适度的引入了公允价值计量属性,这既符合国际会计计量的发展趋势,也适应了我国经济发展的客观要求.尽管在公允价值实施的过程中,我们会面临很多困难,但是只要我们从加强公允价值理论研究、建立健全相应的审计制度、完善公允价值的执行机制等方面入手,我们就能够提高公允价值的可靠性,促进公允价值计量属性的完善与发展.     

对公允价值计量属性应用的探讨

我国新会计准则改革最大的亮点就是引入公允价值计量属性，但是由于我国环境等相关因素的制约，对公允价值计量属性在实务操作中造成使用障碍。本文通过分析公允价值的计量属性使用要求，提出一些改进措施，以促进公允价值在实务中的使用。     

公允价值在我国的应用研究

公允价值计量在近十几年来一直是国际会计理论前沿一个极富挑战性的热点和难点问题。由于公允价值计量能够为投资者提供与现实高度相关的信息,从而帮助投资者作出正确的决策,目前已经成为发达国家公认的会计计量属性之一。新会计准则对公允价值计量属性的运用成为关注的亮点。     

我国采用公允价值计量的必要性

随着经济的发展，会计制度的完善，为了适应“市场化”和“国际化”的要求，我国在新会计准则中广泛引入了公允价值计量属性。文章从公允价值的本质、特征及其优越性出发来阐述我国现阶段采用公允价值计量的必要性。     

公允价值计量之利弊分析

2007年，我国新会计准则颁布实施，公允价值计量模式被全面引入，在38项具体准则中，规定18项具体准则使用公允价值计量，并率先在上市公司开始实行。当年，美国爆发次贷危机，并逐渐演变为全球性金融危机，许多世界级的银行纷纷倒闭破产。在愈演愈烈的金融危机中，一些经济学家将矛头指向会计准则，认为是公允价值的会计计量属性，在市场定价功能缺失的情况下，强制性确认了永远不会实现的损失，扭曲了财务报告信息、动摇了投资者的信心；认为会计准则是导致危机恶化和蔓延的重要原因，对金融危机起到了推波助澜的作用。强烈呼吁废止或暂停公允价值计量准则。     

公允价值计量应用的经济后果分析

本文针对公允价值及其会计计量属性的特征，结合会计准则制定的经济后果学说，就我国2006年发布的新企业会计准则，其公允价值计量应用对企业经营管理（含销售模式、信息系统、经营业绩与评价、盈余管理、所得税、利润分配）、投资者、注册会计师审计、政府税务部门与上市公司监管等的影响进行了分析，针对公允价值计量应用的影响，提出了我国应尽快制定公允价值具体会计准则，制定公允价值计量应用衔接的规定与细则等政策建议。     

对公允价值计量属性应用的探讨

我国新会计准则改革最大的亮点就是引入公允价值计量属性,但是由于我国环境等相关因素的制约,对公允价值计量属性在实务操作中造成使用障碍.本文通过分析公允价值的计量属性使用要求,提出一些改进措施,以促进公允价值在实务中的使用.     

公允价值的属性及其在我国的应用思考

随着社会经济的发展，传统的会计计量观念和计量属性受到冲击。近年来，各国会计准则更多地使用“公允价值”这一全新的计量属性。本文就公允价值属性在我国应用情况进行了分析，进而对公允价值在我国的推行提出一些合理化的建议。     

公允价值在新会计准则中的应用

随着社会经济的发展，传统的会计计量观念和计量属性受到冲击。近年来，各国会计准则更多地使用“公允价值”这一全新的计量属性。本文就公允价值属性在我国应用情况进行了分析，进而对公允价值在我国的推行提出一些合理化的建议。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.