政府支出的构成与中国经济波动——基于动态随机一般均衡模型的分析

政府支出对于一国经济波动具有显著性影响。基于我国的现实数据,向量自回归模型的脉冲响应函数证实：（1）生产性政府支出与消费性政府支出对于总产出具有不同的冲击效应,并且生产性政府支出对于产出具有相对较大的影响;（2）无论是政府生产性支出还是消费性支出,其对于不同部门的产出均具有不同的冲击效应,即政府支出的冲击效应具有部门依存性特征。在此基础上,文章建立了一个包含不同部门与政府支出不同构成成分的多部门经济NK-DSGE模型,考察了政府支出冲击的不同构成成分对于我国经济波动的影响。贝叶斯脉冲响应分析的结果支持了经验证据,并且模型主要变量的周期性特征与现实数据较为接近。在此基础上,贝叶斯冲击分解的结果指出,相对于消费性政府支出而言,生产性政府支出冲击对于各宏观经济变量的波动具有更大的推动作用。因此,在使用支出政策熨平经济波动时,政府需依据现实经济情况及时调整政府支出的构成。     

贸易波动与经济波动的实证研究

由于贸易开放而带来的外部风险给经济造成的波动以及由于市场结构的不断完善和多样化对经济波动的缓冲是当前经济保持稳定增长的重要原因,为了进一步考察是哪些因素对减缓经济波动产生了积极作用,本文选用了1995—2016年的中国对外经济贸易数据,分析了几个主要的进出口贸易波动因素对经济总体波动的影响。通过严格筛选,细化出几个重要的因素——政府支出增速、外资利用率、及货币供应率,假定他们对经济波动的影响是积极的,最后通过建立ARMA模型证实了政府支出和外资利用率对经济的正向作用。     

我国政府购买支出与转移支出对经济增长影响的实证研究

本文根据凯恩斯理论分析框架,采用OLS法,对1985-2003年间我国政府购买支出与转移支出对经济增长的影响进行了实证研究。结果表明,在这一时期政府购买支出与经济增长有显著的正相关,而政府转移支出对经济增长影响不显著,但在1998年前政府转移支出与经济增长呈现显著的负相关。对这一结果我们给出了一定的解释。     

贸易开放对地方政府支出规模影响的门槛效应

基于1996-2012年中国省级面板数据,采用面板门槛模型实证研究贸易开放对地方政府支出规模的非线性影响。结果发现,贸易开放对地方政府支出规模的影响具有显著的单一门槛特征,跨越特定开放门槛的地区,贸易开放的政府支出规模增加效应更强。随着贸易开放补偿效应的不断强化,未来可能导致政府支出规模的进一步扩大。     

政府支出与贸易自由化关系的分析

本文试图通过对开放度的新的阐释确定在贸易自由化和政府规模之间是否存在较为密切的联系。研究表明,越是小型的开放经济越是不受“外部冲击”的影响,因而政府支出与贸易自由化之间是负相关关系。我们认为这是由于近几十年来的不断增加的国际贸易自由化因素造成的。然而,一些国家,如带有贸易保护传统的南韩、埃及还有一些大国如美国仍然奉行贸易保护主义政策。此时“外部冲击”法则对小国经济(不是开放经济)依然有效。     

政府支出与均衡实际汇率

本文首先回顾了政府支出与均衡实际汇率之间关系的研究文献。开放的宏观经济理论认为 ,政府支出的增加会导致私人消费的增加 ,从而导致经常项目恶化和实际汇率上升。本文建立了一个关于消费者行为和政府行为分析的模型 ,并将其置于一个内外均衡的框架下讨论政府对贸易品和非贸易品支出变动对私人消费和均衡实际汇率的影响 ,以及政府的货币政策是如何影响政府支出政策进而对均衡实际汇率产生影响的。结论是 :政府对非贸易品支出的变化对均衡实际汇率的影响是不确定的 ;名义本币资产的增长对均衡实际汇率的影响也是不确定的。     

政府投资与经济周期波动实证研究——兼论三次产业的政府投资效应

本文借助主成份分析法,构建了一个包含经济增长、就业增长和物价稳定等社会目标在内的经济周期波动指数,利用计量分析方法实证研究了政府投资与经济周期波动之间的动态关联效应。实证结果表明：政府投资对经济波动的影响在前期具有有效性,但随着时间的推移其作用呈不断减弱趋势;经济波动更多地来源于自身冲击,政府投资激励贡献度偏低且不稳定。分产业分析发现,政府投资冲击引起的第一产业和第二产业经济波动效应非常微弱,而对第三产业经济波动的影响强劲,并且表现出较长时期的持续性。中国现阶段的政府投资政策对经济发展的激励作用是有限的,对第一产业和第二产业不能起到有效激励作用。本文认为,政府在利用投资调控经济运行时,不仅要关注投资规模,更要重视投资效率及投资效应。     

政府支出与居民消费:替代还是互补

本文在消费者最优消费选择欧拉方程基础上推出用以分析政府支出与居民消费之间关系的模型。对全国、城镇以及农村样本的估计说明,改革开放以来,政府支出与居民消费之间表现为互补关系。本研究为近年来积极财政政策拉动内需现象提供了解释,并指出其对居民消费的拉动作用主要表现在启动城镇居民的居民消费。研究还证明了李嘉图等价命题在中国可以得到初步的经验支持。     

中国地方政府公共卫生支出行为实证分析

公共卫生支出属于财政支出的重要组成部分。合理界定公共卫生支出占财政支出的比重是公共财政体制的重要内容。文章对2004-2010年间全国31省、市、自治区面板数据进行实证分析研究了影响地方财政公共卫生支出的因素及效应。研究表明:人口规模、经济发展水平、城市化程度和与财政公共卫生支出之间存在一定的相关性。财政分权对公共卫生支出具有很小的负面影响,政府规模的膨胀程度、人口结构与财政公共卫生支出并没有必然的因果关系。     

我国政府卫生支出的最优规模

本文从理论上分析了政府卫生支出与经济增长的关系，采用经验数据估算出我国政府卫生支出的最优规模是占GDP的1．07％。目前我国政府卫生支出不足，需要加大支出力度。     

Fiscal Shocks and The Sectoral Composition of Output

We study the impact of shocks to different types of government spending on the sectoral composition of output for a panel of EMU member countries. We find that fiscal shocks lead to an increase in the relative size of the nontraded sector, with the impact varying across the different spending categories. There is typically no significant impact on the level of production in the tradables sector but the level of imports increases and the level of exports declines in most cases. Overall, the results show that fiscal shocks matter not only for aggregate variables but also for the sectoral composition of output. The sectoral output results are consistent with previous work concerning the impact of fiscal shocks on the real exchange rate and the relative price of nontradables.     

The Effects of Fiscal Policy in a Small Open Economy with a Fixed Exchange Rate

We study the empirical effects of fiscal policy in Denmark since the adoption of a fixed exchange rate policy in 1982. Denmark’s fixed exchange rate implies that the nominal interest rate remains fixed after a fiscal expansion, facilitating a substantial impact of the fiscal stimulus on the real economy. On the other hand, the large degree of openness of the Danish economy means that a sizeable share of the fiscal stimulus will be directed towards imported goods. Our results suggest that the ‘monetary accomodation channel’ dominates the ‘leakage effect’ in the short run. We demonstrate that fiscal stimulus has a rather large impact on economic activity in the very short run, with a government spending multiplier of 1.1 on impact in our preferred specification. We also find that the effects of fiscal stimulus are rather short-lived in Denmark, with the effect on output becoming insignificant after around two years. The fiscal multiplier is above 1 only in the first quarter, and drops to 0.6 one year after the shock. We also find that in the short run, the government spending multiplier is larger than the tax multiplier. Finally, we demonstrate that exogenous shocks to government spending account for less than 10 % of the movements in output over the business cycle in Denmark.     

Can Fiscal Decentralization Alleviate Government Consumption Volatility?

This paper assesses the effect of fiscal decentralization on government consumption volatility using data for 97 developed and developing countries from 1971 to 2010. The results suggest that a higher degree of fiscal decentralization leads to lower government consumption volatility. This result holds for the sub-sample of advanced economies, while it is not confirmed for those less-developed. This mechanism seems to work mainly through a lower volatility of the non-discretionary spending, which typically belongs to the central government’s policy. We also confirm existing findings according to which country size lowers government spending volatility. Thus, given a minimum level of development, fiscal decentralization reforms can reduce spending volatility by distributing power to sub-central governments, particularly in smaller countries which are usually more prone to volatility.     

Fiscal stimulus and labor market dynamics in Japan

The paper studies the effects of fiscal expansion on the Japanese labor market. First, using a structural VAR model, we find that the unemployment rate falls and employment rises following an increase in government spending. We also find that fiscal expansion affects flows in and out of unemployment. While an increase in government spending increases the job-finding rate, it reduces the separation rate. We then incorporate search and matching frictions into a standard dynamic general equilibrium model, and study whether the model can explain what we observed in data. While the model fails to predict the exact size of the impact of government spending shocks on the Japanese labor market variables, it can consistently capture the empirical pattern of responses of labor market variables to shocks.     

财政支出、居民消费与经济波动——基于动态随机一般均衡模型(DSGE)的分析

在动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型中引入财政支出冲击和居民消费习惯,将财政支出分为生产性支出和消费性支出,分别纳入生产函数和总消费函数,通过DSGE模型模拟了财政支出对居民消费、产出、就业、投资等经济变量的动态影响。模拟结果显示财政支出增加对居民消费产生了挤出效应,而对产出、就业等经济变量产生挤入效应。考虑消费习惯后,经济变量对外生冲击的响应呈驼峰状,并且影响程度加大。因此,合理划分政府支出的类型并恰当评估居民的消费习惯对把握财政政策的操作力度甚为重要。     

生产性支出偏好与经济增长波动

文章基于我国1998-2006年的县级面板数据,分析财政支出结构对经济增长波动的影响机制。理论分析表明,我国地方政府偏好生产性支出的特点,将提高经济增长波动率;实证结果有力地论证了上述结论,即生产性公共支出占比提高10%,经济增长波动率将增加0.42%。稳健性分析发现中西部县级地区较东部地区经济增长的波动率更大。此外,我国生产性支出偏好对经济增长波动率的影响具有明显的顺周期特征,在繁荣时期,经济增长波动率的增加幅度将超过0.8%。文章的结论可为推进和完善中央与地方财政事权和支出责任划分提供参考和依据。     

Fiscal Episodes and Market Power

We assess the effect of fiscal episodes, as determined via alternative approaches, on GDP and on markups in a panel of 14 OECD countries. Our results with narrative action-based data show counter-cyclicality since negative fiscal shocks increase markups. Additional empirical exercises reveal that spending-based consolidation programs have a more counter-cyclical effect on the behaviour of markups over the short and medium term than tax-based ones. Moreover, in times of economic contraction the degree of counter-cyclicality of negative (positive) government spending (tax) shocks is larger than during economic expansions.     

What Do OECD Countries Cut First When Faced with Fiscal Adjustments?

Following the present scale of fiscal imbalances in developed countries, significant fiscal consolidation will be inevitable in the coming years. Fiscal discipline will require cuts in government expenditure, leading to trade‐offs between different components of government expenditure. In this article, we explore the relationship between components of government expenditure and government size during the period 1970‐2007 for a sample of 25 developed countries to shed light on how fiscal discipline might influence public spending composition in the coming years. Using the Pooled Mean Group estimation we find that fiscal adjustments protect functions that have both a social and productive character, such as education and health spending. In addition, the most productive spending, that related to transport and communications, is also isolated from budgetary cuts. This result shows evidence of governments reacting to the voter's increasing realization that reducing productive expenditures harms long‐term economic growth by striking a balance between utility and economic‐growth‐enhancing expenditure.     

EXPLAINING THE GROWTH OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING IN SOUTH AFRICA

What determines government spending in South Africa? The paper estimates the determinants of real per capita government spending in the Republic of South Africa using annual data for the period 1960‐2007, a tumultuous period during which South Africa experienced a variety of internally imposed changes (e.g. the abolition of apartheid, changes in political institutions) and externally generated shocks (e.g. war, oil shocks). Using multivariate cointegration techniques, we find that per capita government spending, per capita income, the tax share and the wage rate are cointegrated, a result that supports the notion that government spending is associated not only with per capita income and the true cost of government service provision as given by the wage rate but also with the fiscal illusion caused by budget deficits. We also find evidence that per capita government spending was positively affected by external shocks. These external shocks seem to play a significant role in explaining the dynamics of government spending growth.     

财政分权与经济增长

理解财政分权在经济增长过程中所起的作用颇为重要。本文采用1953～2003年的时间序列数据,以地方政府财政支出占全部财政支出的比重作为度量财政分权的指标,用实证研究的办法考察财政分权对于中国经济增长的影响。与已有的一些研究结果不同的是,本文的回归结果显示,对经济增长具有显著影响的并不是财政分权的绝对水平,而是财政分权程度的变动。本文依据这一结果分析了财政分权与经济增长的关系。