政府绩效审计：评价标准的选择和确定——以我国某部设备绩效审计为案例研究

在政府绩效审计中，审计（评价）标准是用以评价被审计活动的经济性、效率性和效果性的合理的、可达到的业绩标准。与财务审计不同，这一标准不是在法律、法规中事先确定的，它经常需要审计师在审计中根据审计对象和目的进行选择和确定。为此．选择和确立合适的审计（评价）标准常常构成绩效审计的一个重点。也是一个难点。     

把握好效益审计的四个特点

一是立项选择十分重要。一个好的效益审计项目，要同时具备重要性、时效性、增值性和可行性。重要性是指所选择的项目应该是放大群众最关心的、党委和政府高度关注的事项；时效性是指选择项目的时机应该是合适的；增值性是指所选择的项目应该具备可改进的空间；而可行性，则是指被审计单位的配合程度及审计力量应该能够达到审计要求。[第一段]     

效益审计的一种有效方法：对比审计

经济效益审计是审计工作的一个新领域。我们在效益审计试点中,重点运用了对比的审计方法,选择纺织行业的两家棉纺厂(仙桃棉纺总厂简称“仙棉”、云梦棉纺厂简称“云棉”)进行了探索,取得了较好的社会反响和明显的审计效果。现将我们开展这项工作的几点认识、做法和体会简介如下: 一、为什么要运用对比的方法进行效益审计。 所谓经济效益的对比审计,就是在同一行业中选择生产规模、外部环境和基础条件大致相似,但其年度盈利水平和效益综合指标相差悬殊的两个或两类企业进行对比审计分析,从中找出差距,提出建议,以帮助企业改善经营管理,挖掘内部潜力,提高经济效益的一种审计方法。对比审计的关键是要选好同行业有代表性的、条件大致相似而效益反差较大的一对或两类企业。“云棉”和“仙棉”这两个厂分别建于60年代末和70年代初,设计规模同在3万纱锭左右;1989年以前的产品相仿,都以出口为     

建设项目效益审计评价方法

一、建设项目效益审计的内容 建设项目效益审计是检查和评价投资活动的经济性、效率性和效果性,它包括经济效益、社会效益和环境效益等。确立建设项目效益审计的内容要根据项目性质、目标、投资者、项目财务主体以及项目对经济与社会影响程度等具体情况选择确定。对建设项目投资效益评价其实质是对建设项目的财务和经济进行分析评价,根据国民经济和社会发展以及行业、     

基层审计机关效益审计分析

效益审计是一种国家的审计机关对政府投资的经济性、效益型进行综合评价的经济审计.基层单位开展效益审计有益于优化财政的支出结构,有限的投资获得最大效益.但是在我国,由于科学决策体系还不健全,基层审计机关的效益审计工作开展中还存在很多的问题.本文将对此进行分析,并提出可行的应对对策.     

效益审计视角下制造业高质量发展研究

通过阐述效益审计对制造业高质量发展的重要性,从完善审计评价标准、优化审计评价指标体系、创新制造业效益审计方法以及加强审计队伍建设层面提出建议,从而发挥效益审计在推动制造业高质量发展中的重要作用。     

社保审计应全面贯彻效益审计理念

当前,社会保障基金不同程度地存在着使用效益不高,保障覆盖面窄,资金应征未征,发放不及时,保障标准不公平,应保未保等问题。为有效促进这些问题的解决,应将社保资金审计的重点由真实合法性审计转向真实合法性审计与效益审计相结合,由查处违法违纪问题转向查处违法违纪问题与检查管理漏洞和制度缺陷相结合,即在社保审计中全面贯彻效益审计理念。     

刍议学校基本建设投资效益审计

<正>项目投资效益审计是一种新的相对独立的财务审计形式,它具有独特的外延和内涵,与真实性、合法性审计有着必然的联系。它不等同于传统的财务收支审计,对基本建设项目投资效益审计运用一定的方法和标准,进行决策、分析、对比、评价。项目投资效益审计,不仅是国家审计的一项重要目标也是学校内部审计的主要任务和日常重要工作。     

开展效益审计应以项目为主体

一、我国效益审计发展 20世纪70年代以来，以美国为代表的西方发达国家政府审计已走上效益审计之路，而大多数欠发达国家仍停留于传统的财务收支审计阶段。李金华审计长在《对20年来审计工作的思考》中认为，我们目前只抓了真实性和合法性审计，效益审计在我国尚未开展起来。为推动效益审计的发展，发挥政府审计在国家冶理中的作用，他在2003年8月召开的全国审计理论研讨会上提出，我国目前提出和探索效益审计的条件已经初步具备。     

效益审计领军企业颁奖词

效益审计,是依据国家法律、法规和相关评价标准,对整个组织的经营活动或特定项目、特定业务的经济性、效率性、效果性进行的审查和评价活动。"内部审计以效益审计和管理审计为主。内部审计的出发点和归宿点是效益和管理,最后落实到提高效益,提高管理水平。内部审计的定位应该是管理加效益……"李金华副主席对内部审计的这一科学定位,指明了内部审计发展的方向,开启了效益审计蓬勃发展的春天。效益审计,它赋予内部审计工作更加丰富的内涵,带给内部审计人员崭新的视野,彰显出内部审计机构的重要价值;它是内部审计人员践行科学发展观的本质要求,是建设节约型社会的必然     

人民银行内部实施绩效审计的探索

人民银行内部审计由传统型转向现代管理型符合内部审计的发展潮流。济南分行营业管理部为适应这一潮流,组织开展了对济南市征信管理工作的绩效审计工作。作者通过对审计实践的观察发现了人民银行绩效审计发展所取得的进步和存在的问题。本文在总结经验、分析发现的问题基础上,对可供选择的三种方案进行评价,提出了人民银行系统中心支行以上内审部门发展绩效审计的建议。     

基于PSR模式的节能减排绩效审计标准体系

一直以来,节能减排审计的评价和监督执行部门严重脱节,造成审计结果流于形式,审计建议执行效果不理想甚至不予执行。造成这种情况的一个重要原因就是对节能减排绩效审计评价标准体系的构建和运用缺乏统一的认识。而选择和确立科学、适用的节能减排绩效审计评价标准是我国环境绩效审计的一个重点和难点。基于“压力-状态-响应”即PSR模式构建节能减排绩效审计标准体系,有利于实现节能减排绩效审计评价的科学性、规范性和实用性。运用该体系的关键是明确节能减排绩效审计标准与节能减排技术指标之间的差异、提高审计人员的相关业务水平并运用风险导向模式。     

头脑风暴法在舞弊审计中的运用研究:回顾与启示

头脑风暴法有助于解决舞弊审计这一类非结构化问题,在舞弊审计中运用头脑风暴法成为美国注册会计师审计中的一项必要程序,头脑风暴技术也成为审计理论界和实务界关注的一个重点问题。本文对相关研究文献进行了梳理和回顾,总结文献研究发现:舞弊审计适合使用开放式头脑风暴法、循环头脑风暴法和电子头脑风暴法;头脑风暴法不仅有助于审计人员识别更多的舞弊风险因素和提高识别因素的质量,而且能够使审计人员表现得更加谨慎,调高了客户舞弊风险的预期水平;此外,头脑风暴讨论会还能够使审计人员更愿意修改拟实施的实质性测试程序,采取更为有效的舞弊风险应对程序。这些实践经验和研究成果对我国审计实践和审计理论研究都具有重要的借鉴作用。     

Stakeholder perceptions of performance audit credibility

This paper examines the credibility of performance audit at the micro-level of practice using the general framework of Birnbaum and Stegner's theory of source credibility in which credibility is dependent upon perceptions of the independence of the auditors, their technical competence and the usefulness of audit findings. It reports the results of a field study of a performance audit by the Australian National Audit Office conducted in a major government department. The paper establishes that problems of auditor independence, technical competence and perceived audit usefulness continue to limit the credibility of performance auditing.     

Locating audit expectations gap within a cultural context: The case of Saudi Arabia

This paper offers an insight into the types of ‘audit expectations gap’ that exist within a cultural context. Specifically, it investigates if the business and social environment affect the perceptions of audit performance of users and auditors. Using a combination of mail questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, the study reveals the existence of a ‘performance gap’ with respect to the roles specified in the statutory pronouncements and those that can reasonably be expected of auditors in Saudi Arabia. The results further indicate the ‘performance gap’ arises from four factors in the environment within which auditing is practiced: licensing policy, recruitment process, the political and legal structure, and dominant societal values. Interview results reveal the influence of institutional and cultural settings on the audit expectations gap and indicate that the inclusion of Islamic principles in auditing standards and the code of ethics would help reduce the expectations gap that exists in Saudi Arabia.     

Does an Agency‐Type of Audit Model Fit a Stewardship Context? Evidence from Performance Auditing in Dutch Municipalities

The degree of auditor independence is an important issue in the performance auditing literature. However, little attention has been paid to the influence of the context in which an audit body operates. This paper investigates how an audit model with a high degree of auditor independence, which is consistent with agency theory's rather formal view of relationships in organizations, functions in a context with more informal relationships, as implied by stewardship theory. Based on two case studies and a survey, the paper concludes that Dutch councilors are more satisfied with audit reports if in their municipality there is a fit between context and audit model.     

Big Data and changes in audit technology: contemplating a research agenda

This study explores the most recent episode in the evolution of audit technology, namely the incorporation of Big Data and Data Analytics (BDA) into audit firm approaches. Drawing on 22 interviews with individuals with significant experience in developing, implementing or assessing the impact of BDA in auditing, together with publicly available documents on BDA published within the audit field, the paper provides a holistic overview of BDA-related changes in audit practice. In particular, the paper focuses on three key aspects, namely the impact of BDA on the nature of the relationship between auditors and their clients; the consequences of the technology for the conduct of audit engagements and the common challenges associated with embedding BDA in the audit context. The study’s empirical findings are then used to establish an agenda of areas suitable for further research on the topic. The study is one of the first empirical accounts providing a perspective on the rise of BDA in auditing.     

关于国有企业集团改制为民营企业集团后内部审计的思考

针对当前国有企业集团内部审计工作存在的问题，探讨国有企业集团改制为民营企业集团之后内审工作在职能定位、审计内容、离任审计、审计方式手段等方面需要实现的四大转变，从而重塑内部审计的新形势。     

Auditors' Liability, Vague Due Care, and Auditing Standards

This paper expands the set of previously considered liability rules to include a negligence liability rule with a vague specification of due care. Auditors who are negligent in conducting their audit are liable for losses that result from reliance on misstated financial statements. However, what constitutes negligence for auditors is not clearly specified in the law. Consequently, courts often resort to Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) and Statements on Auditing Standards (SAS) as benchmarks for determining due care. A liability regime that consists of a vague negligence rule supports and amplifies the credibility of auditing standards. While auditing standards alleviate some of the vagueness that is inherent in the legal standard, they also form a lower bound on due care, since an audit of a quality that is lower than the quality that auditing standards require would be considered negligent. Thus, the vague specification of due care enables auditors to commit to audit quality as pronounced in auditing standards. This paper explores this link between professional standards and auditors' legal liability. It establishes that the commitment to auditing standards could not have been as credible as it is, if auditors' liability was determined based on the strict liability rule, or based on a negligence rule with a clearly specified due care, since under these two liability rules courts would not need to refer to auditing standards to establish fault. The paper also demonstrates that a legal regime where audit standards are used as a benchmark to evaluate negligence is not the same as a legal regime where due care is defined clearly. Therefore, previous studies that assumed a negligence regime with clear due care may have overstated the effort level that is induced by legal liability.     

中期财务报告自愿审计的动机和市场反应分析——基于中国上市公司的经验数据

作为外部治理机制的审计是公司信息披露质量的重要保证,目前法规对上市公司中期财务报告的审计并无强制性法规要求,许多上市公司选择中期财务报表自愿审计,其行为是一种主动传递信息的过程。本文通过对我国上市公司2007至2010年证券市场自愿中报审计的经验数据分析,对公司自愿中报审计的动机和市场反应进行了实证研究。研究发现:公司中期财务报表自愿审计与公司的成长性和公司规模显著相关,且公司的财务状况和股权性质对公司的自愿审计有一定影响;同时,市场对上市公司中期财务报告自愿审计行为有一定的正面反应,但这种反应效力不足,且持续力较低。