中印贸易合作的潜力及实现路径研究——基于随机前沿引力模型

在分析中印双边贸易结合度、相似度、互补性的基础上,利用随机前沿引力模型测算中国对印度的进口和出口效率,以及中印双边的贸易潜力,提出了中印贸易合作的实现路径。研究发现:中印双边贸易额稳步增加,但印度对华出口增长乏力,中方贸易顺差逐年扩大;中印两国贸易关系紧密,贸易产品互补性较强,且在两国主要出口市场的竞争性较弱;中国对印度的出口效率小于进口效率,出口和进口贸易潜力最大值分别为794亿美元、177亿美元;互相削减关税增加了两国的总经济效应,且印度的收益大于中国;印度加入上合组织促进了其与中国的贸易增长。建议中国扩大对印度的投资,增加从印度进口,积极推动RCEP尽快达成协议。     

Corruption and International Trade: An Empirical Investigation of African Countries

This paper attempts to estimate the effect of corruption on the flows of exports and imports of African countries. Using the gravity model approach and annual data for the period 1998–2007, we obtain negative and statistically significant correlations between the values of exports and imports and the levels of corruption in Africa and trading partners. Thus the results support the view that corruption adversely affects international trade. Our estimates suggest that if a country with Africa’s average corruption perception index of 2.8 were to improve its corruption level to Botswana’s 5.9, its exports would improve by about 15 per cent and imports by about 27 per cent.     

虚拟水贸易在我国农产品贸易中的实证研究

本文简要介绍了当前国际虚拟水贸易的研究进展和农产品中虚拟水含量的计算方法,并对2000年至2002年我国农产品的虚拟水贸易量进行了研究与分析,就如何应用虚拟水战略来缓解我国水资源短缺和应注意的问题提出了若干政策性建议。     

中国对俄罗斯农产品出口贸易效率研究--基于“一带一路”背景

2013年"一带一路"倡议提出以来,中国与俄罗斯在政治、经济、文化、科技等方面的交流与合作取得了显著成果。中国对俄罗斯农产品出口贸易已经进入历史发展机遇期,中国要有效利用"一带一路"的发展时机,提升对俄农产品出口贸易效率。通过运用随机前沿引力模型,对"一带一路"背景下影响中国对俄罗斯农产品出口贸易的效率进行测算,发现中国对俄罗斯农产品出口贸易效率水平较低。并立足于"一带一路"建设的"五通"政策,全面提出提升农业发展水平、增强贸易畅通便利化、构建贸易设施联通网络、拓展贸易资金融通渠道、推动民心相通交流建设、强化贸易政策沟通布局的对策建议。     

中国进出口贸易对经济增长方式转变的影响分析

文章基于中国1980-2010年GDP和进出口的相关数据对中国进出口贸易和经济运行的轨迹进行分析,测算了外贸依存度、贡献率和拉动度三个指标。运用协整理论和格兰杰因果关系检验方法对中国进出口贸易与经济增长的关系进行实证分析。结果表明中国经济增长与出口之间是正相关的关系,出口增长对经济增长具有明显的促进作用:出口每增长1%,中国GDP将增长约0.714%;同时,经济增长与进口之间也是正相关的关系,弹性为0.0286,进口每增长1%,中国GDP将增长约0.0286%。因此,可以看出中国进出口贸易的增长都促进经济的增长。     

中国对外贸易隐含碳的测度研究——基于碳排放责任界定的视角

贸易自由化对气候变化的影响已引起国内外学术界的普遍关注。本文采用投入产出法,考虑进口中间投入产品的影响后,建立经济模型,分析我国进出口贸易中的隐含碳,其中特别注重对再出口贸易和部门分解的分析。结果表明:2007年,我国生产隐含碳比消费隐含碳高4.53%,净出口隐含碳达2.98亿吨。我国的CO2排放贸易条件是0.93,这说明我国单位出口的碳排放强度小于单位进口的碳排放强度,国际贸易总体上来说有利于中国的节能减排。"通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业"是出口隐含碳最多的部门,进口隐含碳最多的部门是"化学工业"。隐含碳贸易顺差最大的部门是"纺织业",逆差最大的部门是"石油和天然气开采业"。"化学工业"、"金属冶炼及压延加工业"和"通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业"是再出口隐含碳最多的三个部门,说明这些部门有很大一部分产品属于加工贸易,两头在外的贸易模式对我国进出口隐含碳有较大的影响。最后,根据结论提出了政策建议。     

国家文化距离对中国对外贸易的影响——基于31个国家和地区贸易数据的引力模型分析

随着国际贸易的不断发展,国家文化因素对它的影响作用逐渐得到重视。本文利用中国与31个国家和地区1995-2009年的贸易数据,引入Hofstede的国家文化维度建立中国对外贸易引力模型,研究国家文化距离对中国对外贸易的影响。研究显示,国家文化距离对中国贸易存在双重影响,作为整体变量,它对中国对外贸易有负面影响,作为组合变量,权力距离等几个维度对中国对外贸易有正面影响;此外,国家文化距离对中国进出口贸易的影响程度存在差异。     

Determinants of China's bilateral trade balance in global value chains

This paper identifies the determinants of China's bilateral trade balance using a new measure based on international input–output data, the so-called ‘trade in value-added’ (TiVA), which can prevent double counting in the estimation of bilateral trade balance. Our results show that using a measure based on gross exports, rather than TiVA, causes relatively large overestimation of the impact of the RMB exchange rate on China's bilateral trade balance. This overestimation is mainly because that the increasing production of exports may require increasing intermediate imports as a consequence of international fragmentation of production in global value chains. In addition, our results also show that the impact of FDI inflows on China's bilateral trade balances depends on the position and role of China and its trading partners in GVCs.     

中美经贸摩擦如何影响了大豆进口——基于贸易转移与创造效应视角

中美经贸摩擦背景下,中国对美国大豆进行反制,加征25%关税,那么,中国对美豆加征关税,会对中国大豆来源布局和产业产生怎样影响。文章利用寡头竞争理论,使用2002年1月~2020年3月中国海关数据,利用进口需求模型(AIDS),分析了加征关税对农产品贸易可能发生的贸易损害、贸易转移和贸易创造效应。实证结果表明,中国对美国大豆并不存在刚性依赖,对美加征关税将发生显著贸易转移效应和创造效应。即对美关税每增加1%,将会导致其对中国大豆出口下降1.29%,对巴西大豆进口上涨0.67%,对阿根廷大豆进口上涨0.66%,对其他国家进口上涨1.03%。中国市场增长和加征关税,将会造成国际大豆贸易创造效应,并激发非传统国家进入大豆贸易市场。     

Are Exports of China,Japan and Korea Diverted in the Major Regional Trading Blocs?

In recent years China, Japan and Korea, the three major economies in East Asia, have been gearing up their efforts to sign free trade agreements with many different regions and countries. One of the main reasons for this is that they fear that with a regionalism movement rising in every corner of the world, their exports are discriminated against and diverted in the trading blocs of other nations. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate whether this is a real fear. We utilise the gravity equation augmented with dummy variables for regional trading blocs in three different specifications. One is the static, standard gravity model to examine the effect of regional blocs on the ‘level’ of exports from these three countries in 2003; the second is the fixed effects and random effects panel models for the period 1993–2003; and the third is the dynamic, partial‐adjustment model to examine the effect of blocs on the ‘changes’ in exports between 1993 and 2003. The results show that trade diversion is observed only for China's exports in EU, EFTA and EAEC, but no diversion effect is observed for Japan's and Korea's exports in any of the major trading blocs. On the other hand, trade creation is observed for exports from China in ASEAN, for exports from Japan in ASEAN, CACM, CARICOM, EAEC, EU and NAFTA, and for exports from Korea in ASEAN, CACM, EAEC and MERCOSUR. Thus, Japan's and Korea's fear of discrimination and trade diversion is ungrounded, while China's fear is grounded only to a limited extent.     

《SPS协定》对中国农产品出口效应及法律对策研究

随着世界贸易自由化进程的不断加快,非关税壁垒特别是技术性贸易壁垒成为各国新的贸易屏障,许多国家通过制定严苛的卫生及植物卫生措施限制进口,以保护国内市场。《SPS协定》对中国农产品出口造成了正、负两方面效应,从中分析中国农产品出口的现状及存在问题,法律上应补充、完善中国的标准立法体系、加强技术法规制定、建立卫生与植物卫生措施的预警机制、建立相关的法律协助机构,同时应利用《SPS协定》等应对措施,以便趋利避害促进中国农产品出口贸易的长效发展。     

货代业：亟须模式转型

货代企业的发展需要模式转型,这个转型是整个货代行业相对于生产、贸易、物流、海运以及金融等产业的地位、价值和理念的提升。     

东亚“10+3”国家农产品国际竞争力分解及比较研究——基于分类农产品的CMS模型

随着东亚地区双边或多边贸易协定的不断增加,经济一体化成为了各国的最终诉求。然而农产品贸易问题却始终是谈判进程的主要阻力之一。本文侧重于对东亚区域内东盟10国和中日韩3国,就劳动密集型和资本密集型农产品分阶段进行恒定市场份额(CMS)的比较分析。得出的主要结论是:东亚地区农产品市场总体需求潜力很大;产业和结构的合理和完善可在一定程度上提高农产品的竞争力;中国农产品出口份额相对较大但主要依靠低廉的价格,并且竞争力逐渐减弱;政府制定的贸易政策和外部机会在未来农产品贸易中发挥着越来越重要的作用,区域经济合作是一种理想的选择方式。     

我国农产品进出口形势分析及对策研究

随着经济全球化和贸易一体化进程的不断深入,我国各种农产品的出口出现大幅增长的势头,但随着各种进口关税的降低及配额制和许可证的逐渐取消,我国农产品的进口也出现了显著增长。同时,发达国家利用其先进的技术,以食品健康和安全为由制定各种技术性壁垒和绿色壁垒,给我国农产品的出口造成了种种障碍。因此,认清我国农产品的进出口形势,积极采取各种应对措施,有利于我国农产品赢得更大的出口贸易。     

Globalization and female labor force participation: The role of trading partners

This paper uses industrial level data from 21 developing and emerging economies over the period of 1995–2013, to analyze the impact of globalization, in particular, trade orientation of industries onto female employment share. The fractional probit estimation reveals that taking cumulative measures of export and import share often camouflages the impact of trade on female employment. The disintegration of export and import share according to their trading partners reveals that exports and imports from the developed world alone contribute to higher female employment. Moreover, it is the low-tech exports to developed countries and high-tech imports from developed countries which results in an increase in female employment. These findings call for the strengthening of trade ties with the developed world, especially when it comes to promoting low-tech exports and high-tech imports. Our results also reveal that the trading links with the developed world can further enhance female employment if developing country possesses a greater pool of educated female labor force.     

Fending off waste from the west: The impact of China's Operation Green Fence on the international waste trade

China launched the first Operation Green Fence (OGF) on 1 February 2013 to fend off inflows of illegal waste. The main objective of OGF was to enforce waste trade policies already adopted by China and thereby restrict illegal waste imports. We use a gravity model of international trade with annual bilateral waste trade data at the 6-digit HS code level to assess the impact of OGF on the international waste trade. First, we study the direct impact of OGF and find that the intervention resulted in a 26% drop in low-quality waste exports to China from developed countries. Second, we assess the impact of OGF on exports from developed countries to developing countries, excluding China. We do not find a statistically significant effect of OGF on low-quality waste exports from developed countries to developing countries (excluding China). We also test the waste haven hypothesis and do not find evidence that waste exports were disproportionately diverted to countries with lax environmental regulation.     

Regionalism Within Multilateralism: The WTO Trade Policy Review of Canada

The World Trade Organisation published a Trade Policy Review of Canada in 2003. In this paper, we discuss the WTO Review and augment the discussion by presenting original data and reviewing the empirical literature. The WTO concludes that Canada's trade regime is open and transparent but maintains barriers in a few important sectors. We subject this claim to empirical scrutiny, comparing Canada's actual imports to a multilateral benchmark based on the gravity equation. We show that Canada imports about what should be expected given the size of its economy and its location. In a second benchmarking exercise, we show that Canada's anti‐dumping initiations are in proportion to its imports and that Canada's exports are targeted less by other countries’ anti‐dumping investigations than what might be expected based on Canadian export levels. Like many other countries, Canada has pursued trade liberalisation through the World Trade Organisation while simultaneously signing multiple regional trade agreements. Our summary of the recent literature indicates that Canada's regional trade agreements have generated more trade creation than trade diversion. Canada has also spurred imports from the least developed countries by unilaterally eliminating tariffs and quota barriers on 48 of the world's poorest countries in January 2003. We also discuss Canadian progress in opening its agriculture and clothing industries. Overall, we conclude that Canada appears committed to advancing globalisation through multilateral trade liberalisation supplemented by unilateral and bilateral initiatives.     

反倾销、反补贴和保障措施——三大贸易救济措施比较分析

众所周知,虽然世贸组织极力倡导国际贸易自由化,并通过多边贸易谈判机制推进国际贸易自由化的进程,但世贸组织并不排斥一定程度和形式的贸易保护,尤其是当大量进口对进口国产生消极影响时,允许进口国采取一定的贸易救济措施来限制进口。近年来,随着我国出口的持续高速增长,越来越多的国家开始频繁对我国的出口实施限制措施,本文通过对反倾销、反补贴和保障措施三大贸易救济措施的比较分析,为我国企业的应对提供了参考意见。     

中国农产品对外贸易与农民收入增长——基于时间序列和动态面板数据的实证检验

文章运用中国1978-2007年时序数据,以及1999-2007年29个省、直辖市、自治区的面板数据,实证了中国农产品对外贸易与农民收入增长关系及其区域差异。结果显示:中国农产品对外贸易与农民收入增长在总体上存在着长期稳定的均衡关系,农产品进口依存度与农民收入增长正相关,出口依存度与农民收入增长负相关,但区域差异显著。东、中部地区进、出口依存度与农民收入增长呈正相关,且中部要明显强于东部;西部进、出口依存度与农民收入增长呈负相关。文章依此提出了政策建议。