企业技术创新投融资机制建立和完善的探讨

企业技术创新是一个融技术、经济、市场开拓、体制改革于一体的系统工程，是转变经济增长方式，提高经济增长质量的重要途径，同时也是增强综合国力、提高国际竞争力的决定性因素。为此，从1996年起，国家经贸委决定开始实施技术创新工程，而在实际实施过程中，存在一些亟待解决的问题，其中资金缺乏就是制约我国企业技术创新的瓶颈，故加快建立和完善企业技术创新投融资机制，是“九五”时期国家实施技术创新工程的一个重要任务和措施。本文对市场经济条件下企业技术创新投融资格局和环境的变化作了剖析，并对建立和完善企业技术创新投融资…     

重构企业规模与技术创新动力关系的分析模型

一、什么是技术创新动力 ?所谓技术创新是指企业家对生产要素、生产条件、生产组织进行重新组合 ,以建立效能更好、效率更高的新的生产体系 ,获得更大利润的过程。技术创新动力和技术创新密切相关。技术创新动力是指企业的一种连续的技术创新过程。技术创新和技术变化常常影响到一个企业经营战略的制定。技术变化是企业制定竞争性战略的助推器 (波特 ,1985 )。技术变化不仅关系到产业结构的演变而且影响经济的增长。那么是什么引起技术的变化呢 ?大量的理论研究表明 :技术变化与技术创新紧密相联 ,技术创新是技术变化的基础 ,而技术变化是技…     

知识创造视角下军民融合深度发展技术融合模式及选择研究

技术创新是推动经济增长、维护国家安全和决定国家竞争力的重要因素,随着国防经济与国民经济、军用技术与民用技术界限的日渐模糊,技术创新活动交叉融合已成为科技发展新的增长点。在军民融合国家战略指导下,技术融合是军民融合深度发展的关键。技术的本质是知识,军民融合深度发展技术融合实质上是技术知识创造、转移与价值应用再现的过程。从知识创造理论出发研究军民融合深度发展技术融合模式及其选择问题,运用模糊综合评价和AHP法构建融合创新模式选择模型,旨在为军工、民用企业等技术主体选择技术融合模式、实现军民融合深度发展提供决策参考。     

我国技术创新战略选择的新视角

从广义交易成本的角度,分析了技术研发过程中各阶段所产生的交易成本的种类及原因,认为交易成本的高低是影响技术创新战略选择的重要因素;分析了市场利用市场组织和企业组织进行技术创新的制度的经济合理性,在此基础上,提出了基于交易成本的我国技术创新战略选择的思路和政策建议。其主要观点是:利用企业组织进行创新的制度成本远远低于利用市场组织进行创新的交易成本;从国家的角度选择创新战略还应考虑本国技术水平在国际上的地位,发展中国家选择技术引进战略虽然会发生巨额的知识产权交易成本,但可以大大降低基础研究和开发研究阶段的交易成本及基于时间的机会成本;而国内范畴的创新,最合理的制度是建立以企业为创新主体、利用企业组织进行自主创新的制度;要尽快改革当前以高校为创新主体的创新制度。     

完善我国技术创新体系

知识经济和经济全球化是当今经济呈现的新的特征 ,技术决定了国家、企业的竞争力 ,这让国家和企业面临新的机遇和挑战 ,谁掌握了更先进的技术谁就会在激烈的竞争中处于不败之地 ,因此各国都非常注重研究开发等技术创新活动 ,但不同国家技术进步取得的效果却大不一样 ,有些国家和地区取得了巨大的成功 ,如 :芬兰、韩国和我国台湾等。有些国家却不尽人意技术进步缓慢 ,如 :巴西、印度、泰国等 ,其根本原因在于各国技术创新体系效率的差异 ,因此如何建立一个高效的国家创新体系是各国面临的重大课题。国家技术创新体系是指由政府、企业、高校和…     

国有企业的技术创新现状

1.受计划经济体制影响严重，没有建立起以企业为主的创新体系，仍以政府和国家投资为主，有资料显示，在技术创新方面国家和地方投入的经费比例高达68%。而企业投入仅占22%。市场经济条件下技术创新应以市场需求为导向，以市场实现为最终目标，因此应建立起以企业为主的技术创新体制。经济发达国家和新兴工业国家技术创新投资均以企业为主，约占了70%左右，企业只重视技术开发、技术可行性及生产过程、导致小规模、低水平重复开发，开发项目和成果不少，但转化率低、效益低。     

工业企业技术创新评价的研究

我国的工业企业必须努力探索通向现代化的道路 ,以迎接中国加入世界贸易组织、经济全球化等各种挑战。工业企业应该从两个方面来开展工作 :一是制度创新 ,既真正建立和落实现代企业制度 ,二是技术创新 ,即形成以自主创新为主体的技术进步体系 ,两个方面有机结合 ,才能使企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。本文将研究技术创新的统计评价问题。一、对技术创新的认识技术创新是一种技术经济活动 ,包括一个新技术思想出现、研究与开发、投入生产、商业应用等一系列过程。技术创新作为融合科技与经济的重要渠道 ,已经引起越来越多国家的重视。…     

对建立企业技术创新机制的几点认识

对建立企业技术创新机制的几点认识白凤峥毛瑞新企业是经济发展的基本单元，是经济和科技的结合部，在实现我国经济增长方式的转变过程中，企业技术创新起着根本性和决定性的作用。本文重点探讨企业技术创新机制建立的若干问题。一、企业技术创新机制的内容现代企业是在不...     

企业技术创新战略选择

企业要进行技术创新，首先要解决的是企业的创新战略问题。企业技术创新战略是指企业进行技术创新经济活动的总的谋划。企业技术创新战略主要解决企业技术创新的基本原则、根本目标和主要规划等企业技术创新活动中一些带有全局性、长远性和方向性的问题。[编者按]     

政府在技术创新中的作用

技术创新的主体是企业,企业技术创新的动力是市场。政府的作用主要是,制定国家技术创新总体发展战略;领导、协调、监督和管理有关重要的技术创新活动;鼓励技术创新活动、营造技术创进的激励机制以及为企业技术创新活动提供高效的服务。现阶段政府要扶持中小企业技术创新;坚定不移地推进大公司和大企业集团科研开发的实践;建立一个权威性机构,强化对企业科研、开发、投入的统一领导和协调。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.