知识获取视角——关于企业网络的理论综述

在激烈的市场竞争环境中,单一组织对产品的生产更多地依赖外部资源,由合作伙伴形成的企业网络,日益成为企业获取外部资源的有效方法之一。现代企业网络的研究呈现出多角度切入、多学科交叉等特点,本文在对企业网络交易费用理论、企业网络的资源观理论、企业网络的社会学理论等进行整理、综述的基础上,分析了企业网络理论的研究现状、成果以及研究中存在的不足之处,并对未来的研究进行展望。     

企业集群环境下的公司创业研究——网络资源与创业导向对集群企业绩效的影响

环境复杂性和动态性的加强,导致更多的企业采取公司创业战略以获取持续竞争优势。然而,大多数研究忽视了网络资源对公司创业日趋重要的影响,尤其在企业集群环境下,仅从组织内部因素和产业环境因素难以解释公司创业的前因后果。基于网络视角,本文首先对公司创业的三种资源获取方式进行比较,认为网络资源是公司创业活动受益于企业集群的内在原因;进而对网络资源、创业导向与集群企业绩效的关系进行探索性研究;最后对浙江省集群企业的实证研究表明:创业导向、网络资源均与企业绩效有显著正相关性,网络资源显著提高了创业导向对企业绩效的贡献。     

企业集群环境下的公司创业研究——网络资源与创业导向对集群企业绩效的影响

环境复杂性和动态性的加强,导致更多的企业采取公司创业战略以获取持续竞争优势。然而,大多数研究忽视了网络资源对公司创业日趋重要的影响．尤其在企业集群环境下,仅从组织内部因素和产业环境因素难以解释公司创业的前因后果。基于网络视角,本文首先对公司创业的三种资源获取方式进行比较。认为网络资源是公司创业活动受益于企业集群的内在原因;进而对网络资源、创业导向与集群企业绩效的关系进行探索性研究;最后对浙江省集群企业的实证研究表明：创业导向、网络资源均与企业绩效有显著正相关性．网络资源显著提高了创业导向对企业绩效的贡献。     

分工、企业组织演进与企业集团重组分析——以江苏牡丹汽车集团为例

本文结合新兴古典企业理论与企业能力理论建立了一个分析企业组织演进的分析框架，对企业集团这种网络组织的组建动因进行解释，并对江苏牡丹汽车集团基于分工的企业集团重组进行了实证分析。     

企业知识网络能力在产学研合作中的应用研究

知识经济背景下,外部知识网络成为企业提高创新力的重要渠道,产学研合作创新网络则是企业外部知识网络的重要组成部分.本文回顾了企业知识网络能力理论和相关文献,分析了其在产学研合作创新网络构建中的作用方式和提升途径,并用一个案例进行了说明.     

基于UML的企业人力资源管理系统建模与开发

随着网络技术和信息技术的迅速发展以及企业中人力资源管理地位的不断提高,越来越多的企业希望通过信息化的方式来提高自身的人力资源管理水平,这样就孕育出了人力资源网络管理信息系统.人力资源网络管理信息系统主要用于对人力资源进行日常信息管理和预测功能的管理.     

企业外部知识网络能力的结构测量——基于结构洞理论的研究

以开放式创新模式下企业外部知识网络建设面临的挑战为基点,引入结构洞理论,基于对外部知识网络中结构洞的规划、占据、利用、剖析和拓展,识别企业外部知识网络能力的结构体系和内部作用机理;利用实证研究确定了涵盖网络构想能力、网络建构能力、网络利用能力、网络解构能力和网络重构能力等5个维度,共12个子维度和37个题项的企业外部知识网络能力测量量表。在此基础上,提出了"一纵一横"的企业外部知识网络能力的提升路径,即从战略层面到战术操作再回归到战略的纵向动态循环,以及从知识结点到知识链再到利益的横向持续推进。本研究从结构洞理论的视角揭示了企业外部知识网络能力的多维度构成和内部演化机理,研究结果弥补了现有研究中知识网络能力和一般网络能力之间、外部知识网络和内部知识网络之间模糊不清的不足,并能够为后续研究提供理论支撑和实证基础。     

基于企业基因重组理论的价值网络构建研究

全球化、信息化带来市场交易成本的急剧下降，并直接导致组织创造价值的方式发生了变化。本文借鉴企业基因和企业基因组的概念，对企业基因重组理论进行了系统地完善和整合。依此理论为基础，本文对能力要素驱动型价值网络的形成、特征和构建策略进行了深入地分析。     

基于EMGC修正模型的我国国际企业竞争力评价实证研究——以我国钢铁行业为例

本文通过参阅相关研究文献,认为使用内生竞争优势和外生竞争优势理论相结合的方式,才能较为科学的评价企业的国际竞争力,并且不同的行业具有自身不同的发展状态和特征.基于此,本文引用"中国企业管理全球竞争力评价体系研究与应用"课题组所建议的EMGC评价体系对我国钢铁行业进行了分析.     

基于突变理论的战略型项目评价选择模型研究

基于企业战略，对各备选项目进行战略符合度评价，从中选择一个或者多个项目作为企业实施战略目标的重要途径，这是企业投资决策中经常要面对的多目标决策问题。本文构建了基于企业战略的项目评价指标体系，运用突变理论，通过逐层递阶归一计算，确定各备选项目总突变隶属度，进而对其进行评价和排序，从中选择最优项目进行投资。该方法有效避免了各级评价指标权重的确定，减少了主观判断随意性所产生的负面影响。实际案例表明，该基于突变理论和战略符合度评价方法能够实现对战略型项目进行有效选择。     

Bigger and safer: the diffusion of competitive advantage

Research on the diffusion of technologies that give competitive advantage is needed to understand the role of technology in competition. Predictions on which firms first obtain useful technologies are made by cluster theory, which holds that the diffusion is geographically bounded, and network theory, which holds that adoption is more rapid in central network positions. These predictions can be evaluated using data on the diffusion of supplier innovations that give competitive advantage to firms in the buyer industry. Here, the diffusion of new ship types is studied using the heterogeneous diffusion model and data on shipping firm‐shipbuilder networks, showing that valuable innovations remain rare because they are not adopted by distant firms in geographical and network space. The strong influence of geographically dispersed interfirm networks on technology diffusion justifies a greater role of interorganizational networks in the theory of competitive advantage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

企业网络与企业边界理论

在对现有企业边界理论进程重新梳理之后，我们从管理理论中抽象出经济学意义上的企业网络概念。在此基础上，我们对企业的类型进行了重新分类，并界定了每种企业的边界以及相应的经济含义．希望对进一步理解企业和市场的关系提供新的研究视角和思路。     

Do ongoing networks block out new friends? Reconciling the embeddedness constraint dilemma on new alliance partner addition

Research Summary: This study addresses a theoretical dilemma regarding how alliance network constraint (reflected by network cohesion) affects a firm’s alliance formation with new partners. Using a network pluralism approach, we separate a firm’s ego alliance network into two activity‐based networks—an exploratory network and an exploitative network—based on the primary value chain activity involved in each alliance. We argue that the cohesion of exploratory or exploitative networks has an inverted U‐shaped effect on the addition of new partners in the same activity‐based network, and a positive effect on the addition of new partners in the other network. Results based on data from the biotechnology industry largely support our predictions with one exception. Our study contributes to both scholarly understanding of network embeddedness and alliance practice. Managerial Summary: The structure of firms’ ongoing alliance networks may have paradoxical implications for their efforts to search for and form alliance with new partners. That is, when a firm’s alliance partners are tightly connected with each other, the cohesive network tends to both encourage and impede the focal firm to add new partners. We resolve this dilemma by showing that when a firm is deeply entrenched in a cohesive alliance network conducting a certain type of activities (e.g., R&D activities), it may not easily add new R&D alliance partners. However, it may still be able to escape from the cohesive R&D alliance network by seeking new partners conducting other activities (e.g., manufacturing activities).     

An empirical examination of transaction‐ and firm‐level influences on the vertical boundaries of the firm

A large literature has successfully employed transaction cost economic theory to describe how exchange conditions affect the optimal form of organization. However, this approach has historically not accounted for the influence of firm‐specific attributes on the governance decision. This paper develops a model based on insights from transaction cost economics, the resource‐based view, and real options theory to examine how transaction‐level characteristics, firm‐specific capabilities, and product‐market scope influence the governance of production. Empirical evidence derived from analysis of 469 make‐or‐buy decisions involving 117 semiconductor firms indicates that decisions regarding the governance of production activities are strongly influenced by both transaction‐ and firm‐level effects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于企业内外部网络视角的创新绩效多因素影响模型与实证研究

本文在考察网络能力与创新绩效之间的逻辑关系基础上,引入内部网络效度和合作治理方式作为调节变量,检验了企业内外部网络因素对创新绩效的影响,研究结果发现:企业网络能力和内部网络效度均对创新绩效产生显著正向影响;内部网络效度对网络能力与创新绩效的关系发挥着正向的调节效应;尽管合作治理方式对创新绩效具有正面影响,但它对网络能力与创新绩效的关系不具有调节效应;此外,企业规模对外部网络能力和内部网络效度的影响差异显著。     

企业合作创新博弈中复杂性与演化均衡稳定性分析

合作博弈具有有限理性、自主性、动态性、经济性等特点,针对当前合作博弈研究中完全信息、静态决策和理性决策等的局限性,文章运用演化博弈理论方法,构建了基于信任治理的演化博弈均衡模型,分析了参与博弈主体的动态演变过程。研究结果表明,网络信任治理状况的演化方向与双方博弈的支付矩阵相关,同时与系统初始状态相关。并得出监督成本、处罚力度,以及企业的社会责任是影响合作信任治理状况演变的关键因素。     

企业网络位置、间接联系与创新绩效

企业间合作创新的重要性已逐渐被学界和企业界所重视,为探讨企业在合作创新网络中的网络位置、间接联系对创新绩效的影响,本研究以深圳市IC产业为例应用社会网络分析方法和管理学相关理论进行实证分析。结果表明,占据网络中心和富含结构洞的网络位置有利于提升企业创新绩效;企业的间接联系也是提升创新绩效的重要因素;并且,间接联系对企业创新绩效的影响还依赖于企业的网络位置,位于网络中心的企业要比位于网络边缘的企业从间接联系中获得更少的创新收益,而拥有丰富结构洞的企业要比拥有较少结构洞的企业从间接联系中获得更多的创新收益。     

Social capital,strategic relatedness and the formation of intraorganizational linkages

This paper investigates the evolutionary dynamics of network formation by analyzing how organizational units create new interunit linkages for resource exchange. Using sociometric techniques and event history analysis, this study predicts the rate at which new interunit linkages are created between a newly formed unit and all the existing units in a large multinational organization. Two important constructs: social capital, derived from the literature on social structure and network formation, and strategic relatedness, derived from research on diversification and the resource‐based view of the firm, are used to explain the rate of new linkage creation. Results show that the interaction between social capital and strategic relatedness significantly affects the formation of intraorganizational linkages. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reassessing the fundamentals and beyond: Ronald Coase,the transaction cost and resource‐based theories of the firm and the institutional structure of production

In this paper, three points are argued. The first is that Ronald Coase, best known as the forefather of transaction cost theory, foresaw many of the critical questions that proponents of the resource‐based view are concerned with today. The second is that resource‐based theory plays a potentially much more critical role in economic theory and in explaining the institutional structure of production than even many resource‐based scholars recognize. The last point is that a more complete understanding of the organization of economic activity requires a greater sensitivity to the interdependence of production and exchange relations. The arguments presented in this paper highlight important, but relatively ignored, elements in Coase's work that inform strategy research. More importantly, this paper makes the case for a triangular alignment between the triumvirate of governance structure, transaction, and resource attributes and demonstrates how the identity and strategy of a particular firm influences how its resources interact with the transaction and how the firm chooses to govern it. The general argument is then applied to the context of interfirm collaborative relations, where the key focus is broadened from just cost to also include skills/knowledge and the interdependence between cost and skills with respect to firm boundaries, both in terms of choice and nature. Such a broadening of focus enables us to additionally examine the transacting process as a productive endeavor, which underpins the co‐evolution of the competencies of partner firms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.