加拿大电力管理可鉴之处

介绍了加拿大电力事业有关情况.加拿大电力管理具有"政企分开、各省办电、公私结合、服务客户"的特点,市电力公司大部分为私营企业,自负盈亏.农电企业是民办私营,都是自主经营、自负盈亏、自我约束、自我发展的经济实体和市场经济竞争的主体.加拿大电力强调供电可靠性、依法管理和为用户服务.     

INFORMATION REVELATION AND BUYER PROFITS IN REPEATED PROCUREMENT COMPETITION*

I investigate how procurement costs are affected by the information that buyers reveal about sellers' behavior, in a setting with two sequentially offered contracts for which a seller's privately known costs are identical. Expected prices are lowest when sellers learn nothing until all contracts are allocated, are higher when they learn all sellers' price offers as contracts are allocated, and typically are even higher when they learn only the winner's identity, or the winner's identity and price offer. The results suggest that buyers engaged in repeated procurement may pay less by revealing minimal or extensive information, rather than an intermediate amount.     

控制理论与过程控制技术的发展和态势

综述了控制理论和过程控制技术的发展和态势,并对现代控制理论和技术所研究的几个主要控制系统进行了简要的评述,还总结了几种控制系统的基本概念、理论基础、系统类型、主要特点、适用场合以及该系统进一步发展的可能方向。     

Price transmission across the U.S. food distribution system

Price transmission models are estimated using recursive methods across 100 food commodities. From the individual commodities, short- and long-run price transmission coefficients are estimated for rising and falling prices. These coefficients are classified into five commodity categories and expressed as one vector while coding for causality, market levels, rising/falling prices, short and long run, and time period. Then the impact of each variable is estimated and inferences are drawn about the degree of price transmission. Results show that price linkages are strong but slightly declining over time, with some evidence of asymmetric behavior. Long-run rising prices are passed through more than long-run falling prices, except for fruits and vegetables.     

Pricing decision for substitutable products with retail competition in a fuzzy environment

This paper studies the pricing problem of substitutable products in a supply chain with one manufacturer and two competitive retailers. The consumer demands and manufacturing costs are of uncertainty, which are described by fuzziness. Based on different market structures, one centralized pricing model and three decentralized pricing models are developed, and the corresponding analytical equilibrium solutions are obtained using the game-theoretic approach. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results, and to gain additional managerial insights.     

Risikoprämien im Erdölhandel

Risk premiums are not directly observable, since they are only a part of futures prices. In an efficient market, the historical price at maturity of the futures prices can be taken as an approximation of expected spot price. Therefore, risk premiums are identified as the bias between the historical spot prices at maturity and futures prices with the correspondent maturity. The Brent Futures markets with maturities of four months are examined. The calculated risk premiums are positive and the deviations from the historical spot price are left skewed, which implies that buyers in crude oil markets are risk averse and prudent. The risk premiums have approximately tripled in 2001–2008 to 1991–2000. This is caused either by an increased specific market risk or by inefficient information of market participants.     

丙型肝炎的治疗与药物预防进展

介绍了丙型肝炎的感染与发病以及对人体的危害 ,目前对 HCV感染的治疗包括IFN,IFN与三唑核苷、IFN与聚乙二醇 3种药物治疗方法 ,也介绍了重组 HCV蛋白质疫苗和 DNA疫苗的发展。     

视觉障碍儿童玩具的设计方向

近年来中国玩具设计发展迅速，涌现出一大批优秀的玩具设计师和设计创意，各种吸引孩子目光、锻炼孩子能力的玩具层出不穷。然而，部分身体上存在缺陷的儿童，其选择玩具的范围就显得非常狭小。为这个群体设计和制作玩具，往往被企业所忽视。本文讲述如何设计出适合视觉障碍儿童的玩具，帮助视觉障碍的儿童获得对外界世界的认识，帮助他们接触和了解社会，使视觉障碍儿童在玩玩具的过程中获得乐趣，培养出健全的健康的人格，提高其对生活的信心。为身体存在缺陷的儿童设计制造玩具，不仅仅是扩大企业产品的范围，更是一份爱心和责任。     

Future Unions

Private-sector unions are losing their monopoly appeal because of international competition. While their voice appeal is rising among less skilled and assimilated workers, who are increasingly predominant in mass production, unions are declining among more skilled workers, who are increasingly participating in business decisions on the job. In addition, public-sector unions are evolving from being the tools of their politician-employers into traditional monopoly unions     

Housing Costs and the Elderly

Estimates are made of changes in average housing costs and average family incomes for non-moving elderly homeowners and renters over the period 1972–80. Findings suggest that: rental costs are higher in each time period than are homeownership costs; evidence of serious deterioration in affordability of housing is weak, when looking at aggregate price/income ratios; and it is clear that elderly renters are more seriously disadvantaged in housing affordability than are elderly homeowners at every time period.     

Gender and Piece Rates, Commissions, and Bonuses

Previous work shows that establishments with higher proportions of women are more likely to use piece rates but that individual women are less likely to receive performance pay. We present a model in which lower expected tenure and labor force attachment are positively associated with piece rates but are negatively associated with other forms of performance pay. Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) confirms that women are more likely to be paid piece rates and simultaneously less likely to be paid commissions and bonuses.     

维生素C生产废水处理技术研究进展

对维生素C生产废水的来源、特征进行了简介,介绍了这类废水处理的技术现状,主要包括物化处理技术、生物处理技术及组合处理技术.对各种技术的优缺点进行了分析,最后指出了维生素C废水处理技术的研究重点及方向.     

图表制作的标准化方法

插图和表格是科技论文写作中常用的重要辅助手段，而目前其使用不够标准、规范，根据对作者论文进行编辑加工的经验，结合有关标准、规范，提出了插图的规范化制作方法及建议，表格的规范化制作方法及建议。     

Recent trends in Australian countertrade: A cross-national analysis

This paper presents and analyses data on recent trends in both voluntary and government-mandated countertrade in Australia. The analysis reveals that compensation is the most frequently used form of countertrade. The USSR and the PRC are the major nations involved. The primary category of Australian imports are capital goods. Inputs and capital goods are the major categories of Australian exports. Both Australian imports and exports are primarily finished products. Aerospace products, computer software systems, and hardware components are the major categories of civil offsets. The aerospace and weapons-related industries are the major categories of defence offsets. A familiarity with recent trends in Australian reciprocal trade will enable international marketing managers to identify and take advantage of emerging opportunities in the Australian marketplace.     

基于AHP法的总承包模式下承包商的风险分析

总承包项目中存在着许多的、由承包商承担的风险因素。本通过构造承包商风险递阶层次分析模型，对其风险因素进行系统的辨识、排序，并对总承包项目中承包商的风险进行了全面的风险度评价。     

Strategies of effective low share businesses

Previous research has suggested that low share market businesses have dismal prospects. This study examines low share businesses which are effective. In particular, it examines the product-market choices and competitive strategies of effective low share businesses, comparing them with two control groups: effective high share and ineffective low share businesses. Data are drawn from PIMS data bases and hypotheses are tested using cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. Effective low share businesses are found to locate in stable rather than protected environments. Their competitive strategies are strongly characterized by selective focus on specific strengths.     

Central American supermarkets’ private standards of quality and safety in procurement of fresh fruits and vegetables

In the context of near-absence of public food safety and quality standards, or the lack of effective implementation of them where they exist, and in order to increase product quality and consistency and differentiate their product from traditional produce retailers, leading supermarket chains in Central America are imposing private standards on their fresh produce suppliers. These are mainly for cosmetic quality, but emerging also are standards for fresh produce safety, in particular for leafy greens and some fruit. They are implementing the private standards at the same time they are cutting costs in order to compete with wetmarkets, via organizational change in the leading chains’ procurement systems (shifting away from use of spot markets and traditional wholesale systems toward centralized purchases and use of implicit contracts and specialized/dedicated wholesalers). They are coupling those changes with some actions to resolve idiosyncratic factor market failures facing farmers such as through provision of technical assistance. The implementation of these private standards of produce safety are good for consumers as they are among the few food safety practices by domestic food industry actors. But the tougher standards are a challenge for producers who need to make significant investments, implying the need for investment assistance and support services by governments. The paper presents field study findings for Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua from 2002 to 2004.     

浅论我国建筑节能存在的问题与对策

介绍了建筑节能的概念和发展阶段，分析了我国建筑节能中存在的主要问题，以及出现这些问题的相关原因，提出了加强我国建筑节能工作的相关对策。     

常见定量包装商品计量问题的成因与对策

定量包装商品是市场经济发展的需要，也是深受广大消费者喜欢的商品，但由于个别生产企业法制意识淡薄，或受利益驱动，致使包装商品的份量普遍不足．本文从市场经济的视角分析、探讨了定量包装商品份量不足的成因及对策。以规范市场，保护消费者的合法权益，使消费者享有一个安全、公平、放心的消费环境。     

炭基吸附剂脱除烟道气中的SO2

针对活性炭、活性焦和活性炭纤维等3种炭基吸附剂脱除烟道气中SO₂的现状,介绍了其制备工艺、脱硫及再生机理和表面性质,重点阐述了活性焦脱硫的工艺,并展望了今后烟道气脱硫的发展方向。