中间产品进口与工资差距——以进口关税为工具变量的实证分析

中间产品进口贸易会对我国熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力的相对工资差距产生重大影响。本文使用关税作为进口贸易额的工具变量,有效控制了进口贸易的内生性问题,实证检验了中间产品进口对我国制造业行业相对工资差距的影响。研究结果表明:在剔除了进口贸易额与工资之间的内生性后,中间产品进口贸易显著扩大了相对工资差距;虽然技术密集型行业的工资差距大于非技术密集型行业,但是中间产品进口贸易对相对工资差距的正向影响在非技术密集型行业更大。     

中间产品贸易、技术溢出与发展中国家的工资差距:一个理论框架

中间产品贸易的技术溢出是国际贸易影响熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间工资差距的一个重要机制。本文构建了一个理论框架,从中间产品贸易及其技术溢出效应的角度解释发展中国家相对工资差距不断扩大的现实。发展中国家从技术前沿的发达国家进口资本和技术密集型的中间产品,一方面可以使发展中国家间接地分享国际先进的R&D资本;另一方面给发展中国家带来了技术学习和模仿的机会。由于资本与技能的互补性和技术学习的技能偏向性,中间产品进口使发展中国家增加了对熟练劳动力的相对需求,从而扩大了熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间的工资差距。     

国际贸易、技术进步对相对工资差距的影响——基于我国制造业数据的实证分析

笔者运用2000-2005年的面板数据模型分析了我国制造业27个细分行业的对外贸易、技术进步等因素对行业相对工资差距的影响,并进一步将27个细分行业按照要素密集度的不同分为三种类型,分别分析了技术密集型、劳动密集型和资本密集型行业的进出口贸易、技术进步等变量对相对工资差距的影响。结论如下:在不考虑制造业行业特征的情形下,行业的对外贸易引起相对工资差距的扩大,行业的技术进步对相对工资差距的影响是不显著的;在将对外贸易分解为进口贸易和出口贸易的情形下,进口贸易引起相对工资差距的扩大,技术进步引起相对工资差距的缩小;在考虑制造业行业特征的情形下,行业要素密集度的不同会导致进、出口贸易和技术进步对相对工资差距产生不同的影响。     

进口竞争与企业内部工资差距

本文采用世界银行2005年投资环境调查数据库、WTO关税数据库、中国工业企业数据库和海关贸易数据库等数据,全面系统分析了进口竞争对我国企业内部工资差距的影响。研究结果表明:随着我国比较优势的显著变化,进口竞争能够使我国企业内部工资差距扩大,而中间品进口竞争则会缩小我国企业内部工资差距。同时,本文还发现,出口增加将促使我国企业内部工资差距的扩大。     

资本品进口、资本技能互补与中国的相对工资差距

中国是资本品净进口国,资本品进口引致资本积累并通过资本与技能互补效应增加对熟练劳动力的相对需求,是影响熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间相对工资差距的一个重要机制。文章实证检验了资本品进口与中国熟练劳动力的互补效应及其对中国相对工资差距的影响。研究结论表明：资本与技能互补效应在中国长期存在,资本品进口促进了中国的资本积累,并通过资本与技能互补效应提高了熟练劳动力的边际产出,增加了对熟练劳动力的相对需求,扩大了相对工资差距。然而,劳动力的相对数量效应和相对效率效应对中国不断扩大的相对工资差距的解释力不强。     

自由贸易与工资不平等关系研究文献评述

20世纪90年代以来,发达国家普遍出现了非熟练工人相对就业和工资持续下降的现象.关于不同技能工人就业和工资差距扩大的原因究竟是来自对外贸易还是技术进步,经济学界一直存在争论,本文评述相关文献,发现中间品贸易改变了传统意义上贸易对就业和工资影响的传导机制,也导致了发展中国家不同技能工人就业和工资差距的扩大.     

国际贸易对我国行业间收入分配的影响——基于制造业面板数据的实证分析

本文运用我国1998-2006年27个制造业行业的面板数据对国际贸易的行业间收入分配效应进行了实证研究。研究发现,从总体上看,出口对行业相对工资有正向的上拉作用,进口对行业相对工资有负向的下拉作用。但进出口对不同类型行业的影响程度和方向不同,出口贸易对资本密集型和劳动密集型制造业行业的相对工资均有上拉作用,且对前者的促进作用大于后者;进口贸易对劳动密集型制造业行业的相对工资有下拉作用,而对资本密集型制造业行业的相对工资有上拉作用。基于上述结论,促进出口,提高劳动密集型产品的附加值,适当控制最终消费品等产品的进口,有助于缩小行业收入差距。     

来自美国的进口竞争与中国企业创新行为北大核心CSSCI

长期以来中国制造业面临较强的来自美国的进口竞争,这是否促进了中国企业的创新行为,仍存在较大学术争议。在中美经贸关系趋向平缓和中国扩大进口战略的背景下,本文将产业链关联和技术差距引入基准分析框架进行扩展,揭示了来自美国的进口竞争对中国企业创新行为的作用机制。研究发现,总体上,来自美国的进口竞争显著提升了中国企业创新数量、质量和效率,同行业正向作用大于前向关联负向作用,后向关联影响整体不显著;总效应关于来自美国的进口竞争程度呈现“倒U型”曲线关系,绝大多数行业处于正向作用区间。机理上,进口竞争对中国企业创新行为存在正向竞争逃避效应、技术溢出效应和资源重置效应,以及负向竞争挤出效应和产品锁定效应;基于产业链不同环节的回归表明,竞争效应主要存在于同行业,技术溢出效应存在于同行业和上游行业,产品锁定效应存在于上游行业。政策上,强化与日本、韩国和德国等“第三国”进口合作,提升企业技术水平、管理效率和地区市场化水平,有利于更好发挥进口竞争的正向创新效应。本文对扩大进口战略提升中国企业创新发展水平和重新理解中美经贸关系,推动新发展格局下创新高质量发展具有一定参考价值。     

进出口贸易对相对工资差距的影响

本文以我国有进行进出口贸易的32个细分行业为研究对象,时间跨度为2002～2009年,采用面板模型实证检验进出口贸易对相对工资差距的影响。实证结论显示:在不考虑行业特征的情形下:第一,行业的进出口贸易总额引起相对工资差距的缩小;第二,在将进出口贸易分解为进口贸易和出口贸易的情形下,出口贸易增加引起相对工资差距的缩小,进口贸易增加引起相对工资差距的扩大;在考虑行业特征的情形下:第一,出口扩大工资差距,进口没有影响。第二,行业要素密集度的不同会导致出口贸易和进口贸易对相对工资差距产生不同的影响。     

贸易与工资:理论、证据及政策意义

自七十年代以来，美国非技术工人对技术工人的相对工资差距明显扩大（欧洲发达国家非技术工人失业率大幅度提高），同时发展中国家的贸易发展迅速，由此而引发了一场关于贸易与工资的争论。新贸易保护主义者利用人们对贸易与工资问题的认识不完全一致，大肆为期推行贸易保护政策措施摇旗呐喊，企图使贸易与工资问题成为其进一步推行贸易保护的借口。本文旨在通过对贸易与工资的理论与实证分析，阐明贸易不是造成发达国家相对工资差别扩大或非技术工人失业增加的主要原因的观点，主张发达国家应进一步开放对发展中国家的自由贸易。     

对外开放与中国制造业工资差距——基于劳动力供需模型的实证检验

选取1998—2006年中国26个省市的面板数据,利用结合劳动力供需的对外开放影响工资差距的理论模型,就对外开放对制造业熟练和非熟练工人工资差距的影响进行实证研究。研究发现:从全国样本看,外商直接投资有利于缩小制造业熟练与非熟练工人工资差距,而贸易开放与制造业熟练和非熟练工人工资差距则是一种倒"U"型的关系。在分地区讨论时,发现外商直接投资对中西部地区制造业熟练与非熟练工人工资差距的缩小作用要大于东部地区,贸易开放对中西部地区制造业熟练与非熟练工人工资差距存在显著的正向影响,而对东部地区的影响不显著,这进一步验证了上述倒"U"型关系的实证结果。     

Environmental Performance and U.S. Exports

U.S. industries have reduced their releases of toxic chemicals in recent years. These publicly reported environmental improvements can increase the demand for U.S. products abroad by increasing the perceived quality of these products in countries that are concerned about the environmental impacts of manufacturing. This article examines this possibility. It presents an analysis of the changes in the environmental performance and exports of 19 U.S. industries to 128 countries between 2002 and 2010.     

Cheap Imports and the Loss of US Manufacturing Jobs

This study examines the role of international trade and specifically imports from low‐wage countries, in determining patterns of job loss in U.S. manufacturing industries between 1992 and 2007. Motivated by intuitions from factor‐proportions‐inspired work on offshoring and heterogeneous firms in trade, we build industry‐level measures of import competition. Combining worker data from the Longitudinal Employer‐Household Dynamics data set, detailed establishment information from the Census of Manufactures and transaction‐level trade data, we find that rising import competition from China and other developing economies increases the likelihood of job loss among manufacturing workers with less than a high school degree; it is not significantly related to job losses for workers with at least a college degree.     

Movies and the Mystery of the Missing Trade: Is Hollywood Good for U.S. Exporters?

Research has shown that consumers have a preference for goods based on the origin of production. This is important because it suggests that, in some cases, even lowering trade barriers may not significantly increase trade flows. In particular, flows may be lower than are predicted by trade theories such as Heckscher-Ohlin. Despite evidence that home consumption bias exists in many countries, it is only recently that research has begun to examine the sources of this bias.

This article fills a gap in the literature by testing a model that addresses the source of this consumption bias. The paper's model incorporates consumers' exposure to foreign products and culture through media imports and tourist visits as factors affecting consumers' preferences for foreign products. Using panel data from 19 countries, the article's results support the hypothesis that lagged exports of U.S. movies have a positive impact on other U.S. exports. Some evidence is also found of a positive effect of tourist visits on U.S. exports.

Since U.S. media exports may generate demand for other U.S. goods and services, opening up foreign media markets should receive a higher priority in U.S. trade negotiations. Another interesting implication of the paper is that overall U.S. export losses resulting from media piracy may be lower than previously calculated, as the consumption of pirated media products may increase demand for other U.S. exports.     

Mind the Gender Wage Gap – the Impact of Trade and Competition on Sectoral Wage Differences

This paper examines differences between women’s and men’s wages in 18 selected OECD countries in the period 1970 to 2005. The study is based on 12 manufacturing sector‐ and skill‐specific sets of panel data on the gender wage gap. We apply a system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator to the extended version of the conditional gender wage gap convergence equation, controlling for sector concentration and industry‐specific measures of openness using a difference‐in‐difference approach: trade‐affected concentrated sectors versus trade‐affected competitive sectors. The results indicate that: (i) an increase in sector concentration is associated with wage gap growth; (ii) both import and export penetration are associated with a reduction of the high‐skill gender wage gap growth in concentrated industries; (iii) there is evidence of a widening impact of trade on the medium and low‐skill occupational gender wage gap growth in less competitive industries; (iv) institutional regulations of the labour market have an impact on the development of the gender wage gap: for highly‐skilled labour an increase in labour market regulation raises the growth of the gender wage gap, while for medium‐ and low‐skilled workers, it lowers it.     

Quality wars in the North

This paper investigates two stylised facts about quality wars between Northern firms and a Southern copycat firm in the North. First, due to low wage, a foreign or Southern copycat firm may enter the market of a developed economy inhabited by a high‐quality firm and a low‐quality domestic copycat. When the products of the high‐quality firm and the foreign copycat are vertically differentiated, the foreign copycat firm may choose an intermediate quality between the quality levels of domestic high‐ and low‐quality firms. In the second scenario where the products of the high‐quality firm and the foreign copycat are horizontally differentiated, the quality of the foreign copycat may surpass that of the domestic high‐quality firm. As the wage gap between the developed and developing countries widens, the foreign copycat is more likely to survive in the markets of developed economies.     

Foreign direct investment and wages: a cross-country analysis

While globalization has led to overall economic growth in a number of countries, questions abound on its distributional effects, especially on rising wage inequality across nations. The main objective of this study is to investigate empirically the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on wages in a cross-country setting. We investigate the general equilibrium propositions that capital inflows (outflows) increase (lower) wages in host (home) countries due to the change in relative factor endowments. We also explore whether capital inflows have differential impacts on skilled and unskilled wages in developing economies. Time-series data on 26 countries, 15 developed and 11 developing, are used to fit the labour share equation derived from a translog GNP function with net FDI stock as one of its arguments. Results confirm that capital movement brings about a cross-country convergence of wages. However, there is some evidence that inward FDI flows increase the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers in developing countries.     

贸易增长与工资差距(1990～2009)——基于劳动禀赋结构和技术效应结构的经验研究

文章从劳动禀赋结构和技术效应结构视角建立模型,研究中国近20年贸易增长与工资差距的关系。回归、Granger检验和Chow突变点分析发现:工资差距主要受与人均GNI更高国家之间贸易占贸易总额比率的影响,两者呈负相关关系;与低技能劳动密集型产品的产值占GDP比重关系密切;同时也和加工贸易、高新技术产品贸易的增长有显著的负的线性相关关系;事实表面上有悖于实际却佐证了要素价格均等化理论和S-S定理,而被广为引用的中间产品贸易模型和贸易的科技进步效应理论在某个角度上却缺乏经验支持;全球化与"赶超"式发展必然导致工资差距进一步扩大。