CISG 第48 条卖方补救权研究

买卖合同各方当事人均应严格按合同及法律之规定履行各自义务。一旦卖方未能按合同及法律规定履行义务,买方有权追究卖方违约责任。然而,基于诚信原则、鼓励交易与合同维持等精神,CISG赋予卖方在不履行时补救其履行的权利。但为维持买卖双方利益之平衡,CISG根据法定补救权与意定补救权之不同而分别设定了行使条件。在卖方补救不履行期间,买方有权中止履行对应义务,但不得行使与卖方补救权相悖之救济措施。补救期限内卖方未能补救违约的,买方可行使法律所规定之救济措施。补救期限内即使卖方已做出补救,也不影响买方就其所遭受之损失请求损害赔偿。买方非法拒绝卖方补救时,买方丧失相应法律救济权利。当卖方补救权与买方合同解除权、实际履行请求权及宽限期通知制度相冲突时,哪一种权利优先应视法定补救权与意定补救权之不同而定。     

CISG中卖方知识产权担保责任探究

《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第42条规定了国际贸易中卖方应承担的知识产权担保责任,中国学界尚未对其进行深入探讨。结合该公约第42条的规定,本文首先对知识产权担保责任的内涵进行了界定,提出并论述了卖方承担知识产权担保责任的前提,即"第三方对货物基于知识产权而拥有权利和要求"、"第三方提出的权利和要求仅限于特定的国家"和"卖方知情"。在"买方知情"和"遵从买方指示"的情况下可以免除卖方担保责任。中国企业可以在国际贸易中加入"由买方承担查询义务"的合同条款规避知识产权风险。     

论单据与信用证不符时买卖双方的权利和义务

在国际货物买卖中 ,买卖双方通常在合同中约定以跟单信用证付款。根据信用证的规定 ,卖方必须提供与信用证相符的单据。如果卖方提示的单据和信用证相符 ,银行必须付款 ,银行的付款义务是绝对的。银行接受单据后 ,买方对于和开证指示相符的单据也必须接受并向银行进行偿付。银行支付信用证项下的款项并不影响买方在合同中的权利 ,如买方未收到货物或货物存在品质瑕疵 ,买方可以向卖方提起违反合同诉讼 ,即买方可行使其拒收货物或索赔的权利。当货物到达目的港时 ,如经过检验发现其与合同的要求不符 ,买方并不丧失拒收货物或索赔的权利。如果…     

对中国与CISG有关声明中若干理论问题的研究

就中国与CISG有关声明而言:首先,中国"非书面形式规定保留"的真正对象是CISG第11条、第29条和第二部分(第15条第2款和第22条除外)。之所以排除第15条第2款和第22条,是因为尽管其允许"发价的撤回"和"接受的撤回"得以非书面形式作出,但逻辑上并不允许"发价"和"接受"的意旨表示可以非书面形式作出。其次,无论是根据《香港通知函》和《澳门通知函》的规定,还是对CISG第93条作字面意思理解或作扩大理解,CISG对香港和澳门不适用。最后,尽管中国撤回对CISG所作相关保留会导致相关货物销售合同(包括其形式)法律适用的变化,亦应撤回相关保留。法律适用的变化是撤回相关保留之果,而非其因。     

国际贸易中的停运权受制问题分析

停运权是货物买卖合同下,卖方针对买方明示或默示违反付款义务所采取的一种违约救济--中止已付运货物的继续运输以阻止买方取得对货物的直接占有.由于货物处在承运人的掌管下,卖方要行使买卖合同下的停运权,须以运输合同的承运人为中介,通过对承运人作停运指示的形式来行使.停运权的行使超出自身的基础合同--买卖合同,受到运输合同法律关系的影响,进而存在受运输合同下权利制约的可能.     

货物特定化与买卖双方的权利

货物的特定化是国际货物买卖的一个重要环节,同时也会对买卖双方的权利和义务产生重要影响。从实际情况看,货物的特定化对买卖双方权利的影响是不同的。本文根据美国法,分别从买方和卖方权利和义务的角度分析了货物特定化的影响。     

国际货物买卖合同公约(三)卖方的义务——国际经贸法律讲座第十一讲

国际货物买卖合同公约第三部分第二章对卖方的义务作了相当详细的规定。该章包括以下三节:第一节规定卖方交货的时间与地点;第二节规定卖方有义务交付与合同相符的货物;第三节规定卖方违反合同义务时,买方可能采取的各种补救方法。公约第二章第30条首先对卖方的基本义务作了概括性的规定。按照这一规定,卖方的主要义务有以下几项:(1)交付货物;     

认定与承担——《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》中卖方的瑕疵给付

概念与分类 在贸易纠纷中,“瑕疵”是最常用的字眼。瑕疵可作不同的分类:从瑕疵是否存在于货物的物理状况本身,可分为物的瑕疵和权利瑕疵,前者是指标的物本身与合同不符或不具备标的物所应有的品质;后者则指标的物的权利不完整,存在着被追索的可能。在货物买卖合同中,卖方交付的标的物有瑕疵的,便构成瑕疵给付。《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》(CISG.以下简称《公约》)对营业地处于不同国家的当事人所进行的国际贸易中的瑕疵给付的认定,作出了规定。     

开展地理标志产品保护面临三大难题

地理保护产品与商标是有区别的。商标是企业为了使商品和服务有别于其他企业使用的一种标识,它赋予权利所有人使用这种商标的权利,别人不能使用。地理标志保护的概念出自世界贸易组织协定——《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。协定第22条对地理标志做了专门定义,地理标志是识别一个货物来源于一个成员领土或该领土内一个地区或地方的标识,该货物的     

浅议国际货物买卖的知识产权担保

国际货物买卖的知识产权担保,是指在国际货物买卖法律关系中,卖方有义务保证,对于其向买方交付的货物,任何第三方不能基于知识产权向买方主张任何权利或要求.由于知识产权具有无形性、地域性、独占性等特点,其权利人的专有权被他人侵犯的机会和可能性比物权等权利大的多.一旦第三人对卖方交付的货物基于工业产权或其他知识产权提出权利或要求,买方对货物的使用或转售就会受到干扰,因为第三人可能向法院申请禁令,禁止买方使用或转售货物,而且还会要求买方赔偿因侵权而造成的经济损失,所以在国际货物买卖中规定卖方的知识产权担保义务,对保护买方的利益非常必要.     

论卖方宣告合同无效的法律问题——兼析《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第64条

在国际货物买卖实践中,当买方违约,卖方解除合同或宣告合同无效的情事时有发生。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》为解决"自动解除合同"制度下合同解除后合同效力状态的不确定性等问题,设立了"宣告合同无效"的制度。然而,该制度尚不能完全解决合同无效的宣告是否满足合同解除条件的问题,实践中,错误宣告合同无效、非法解除合同现象仍然存在。据此,本文从学理研究和判解研究着手,研习《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》下宣告合同无效制度的价值所在,探讨《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第64条在司法实践中的运用,并阐释卖方宣告合同无效与买方违约补救的关系,从而进一步廓清《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》"宣告合同无效"制度的价值取向和运用规则,以表一管之见。     

交易中所有权保留若干问题探讨

《中华人民共和国合同法》第一百三十四条首先在立法上确立了所有权保留制度。该制度以价金清偿完毕作为所有权转移的停止条件,买受人提前享有对标的物的占有和用益,出卖人以作为物权的所有权保障其价金债权。然而,我国有关所有权保留的法律规范仍缺乏体系化与可操作性,同一法律部门下的法律条文存在冲突。通过对所有权保留法律性质的考察,结合德国民法理论与我国现实立法,得出三个基本结论:(1)所有权保留法律性质为附停止条件的物权行为,能否产生物权变动的效果不影响买卖合同无条件生效。(2)担保理论仅在功能上体现了所有权保留的特征,不能替代附停止条件物权行为理论。(3)无论买受人是否行使回赎权,出卖人行使取回权则导致合同解除。     

Strategic compliments in sales

Salespersons often spend time and money giving prospective buyers compliments such as kind words, meals and gifts. Though prior research has shown that compliments will influence a prospective buyer’s decision, it is unknown the extent to which salespersons should make these investments. In this paper, we develop an analytical model to examine how seller and buyer characteristics affect the equilibrium provision of compliments by the seller. We establish that the optimal magnitude of compliments is non-monotonic in the buyer’s sensitivity to compliments. We identify conditions for when a seller of a high-quality product will offer greater (or lesser) compliments than a seller of a lower quality product. We show that, under certain conditions, an uninformed buyer earns greater utility than a buyer who knows the quality of the seller’s product. The findings have implications for sellers in their choice of compliments and buyers in the inferences they draw from the compliments received.     

The role of buyer power in oligopoly models: An empirical study

This study investigates whether an industry's profitability and concentration are influenced by structural characteristics of the industries and final markets to which it sells. Very few similar studies have been made, and there is some dispute about their conclusions. This study discusses the methodological problems behind this dispute and the ways in which the specification and data used here avoid these problems. The results show that seller profitability rises with the extent to which buyers are dispersed across many industries, but that no other buyer characteristic exerts a significant influence on either the profitability or the concentration of the selling industry.     

The impact of buyer–seller relationships and reference prices on the effectiveness of the pay what you want pricing mechanism

Pay what you want (PWYW) is a new participative pricing mechanism that delegates the whole price determination to the buyer. Previous research on PWYW suggests that the final prices paid are not only affected by consumer characteristics but also by varying conditions, such as social distance within buyer–seller relationships and the provision of reference prices. Through an online survey and two field experiments, we test varying conditions of PWYW, such as social distance (buyer–seller relationship), provision of external reference price, product value, level of reputation, and duration of an application of PWYW. The results indicate that the provision of an external reference price is advantageous for the seller as the prices paid increase. The seller should also avoid offering products with high product value under PWYW conditions. Furthermore, increasing social distance may decrease the prices paid. Finally, a high level of reputation may be beneficial.     

Strategic implications of the open-market paradigm under digital convergence: the case of small business C2C

This article presents the open-market paradigm in the context of digital convergence and proposes strategic directions for open-market participants. Although not a new phenomenon, open market has become the most popular e-business model, linking millions of buyer and seller individuals (Customer to Customer: C2C). This article examines the drivers of digital convergence that enable the open-market paradigm and conducts industry and Blue Ocean analyses for open-market business. Finally, a real-world application—the Cyworld market of Korea—is presented as an illustrative example.     

Buyer‐seller relationships: A conceptual model and empirical investigation

Increasing emphasis is being placed by marketing managers on the need to build long‐term relationships between themselves and their customers. Analysis of long‐term buyer‐seller relationships has drawn heavily on the literature of social psychology, especially in making comparisons with family relationships. It has been proposed that buyer‐seller relationships go through some form of life‐cycle, paralleling cyclical relationships in other areas of human activity. However, models of the evolutionary development of buyer‐seller relationships have remained largely theoretical, with little empirical validation of the life cycle concept, or analysis of the changing composition of a relationship as it progresses through a life cycle.

This paper provides cross‐sectional empirical evidence of the existence of a buyer‐seller relationship life cycle within the investment services sector. The elements that buyers perceive as being important in holding a relationship together are dependent on the duration to date of the relationship. In the early stages of development, selling pressure is perceived as being a dominant element in relationship development, giving way to judgements of ethical credibility and empathy as the relationship develops.

From this initial survey of investment services customers, a number of implications for relationship marketing strategies within the services sector are suggested.     

Bargaining and Search: An Experimental Study

We study experimentally two versions of a model buyer and a seller bargain over the price of a good; however, the buyer can choose to leave the negotiation table to search for other alternatives. Under one version, if the buyer chooses to search for a better price, the opportunity to purchase the good at the stated price is gone. Under the second version, the seller guarantees the same price if the buyer chooses to return immediately after a search (presumably because a better price could not be found). In both cases, the buyer has a fairly good idea about what to expect from the search, but because the search is costly, he has to weigh the potential benefits of the search against its cost. It turns out (theoretically) that adding search to a simple bargaining mechanism eliminates some unsatisfactory features of bargaining theory.Our experiment reveals that the model can account for some (but not all) of the behavioral regularities. In line with recent developments in behavioral decision theory and game theory, which assume bounded rationality and preferences over the relative division of a surplus, we find that subjects follow simple rules of thumb and distributional norms in choosing strategies, which are reflected in the behavioral consistencies observed in this study.     

民法法典化视野下的性自主权

理论界与实务界对性自主权问题论及不多,在目前民法法典化的背景下研究性自主权具有其独特的价值。性自主权属于民事权利的范畴,其具体属性应当是具体人格权而非一般人格权。性自主权的基本内容应当包括性保持权与性决定权两个方面。性自主权应当在我国未来的民法典中得到规定。