多元化经营、财务杠杆与过度投资

基于我国上市公司实行多元化经营战略的背景,从公司过度投资的视角对财务杠杆的治理效应进行了理论分析,并以2004-2009年的非金融上市公司为样本,检验了多元化经营对财务杠杆抑制企业过度投资治理效应的影响.结果发现,财务杠杆对我国上市公司的过度投资行为有明显的抑制作用,但是多元化经营会削弱这种抑制作用.进一步研究还发现,财务杠杆由于抑制过度投资,对公司绩效起到了正面的影响.而多元化经营同样会弱化财务杠杆对公司绩效的正面作用.研究结论不仅对于理解我国多元化经营的上市公司财务杠杆治理效应与投资效率之间的关系具有重要意义,同时也为我国上市公司多元化经营会降低公司经营业绩提供了新的证据.     

代理冲突、股权结构和过度投资的研究——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

企业过度投资行为主要源于委托代理冲突,股权结构又是重要的公司治理机制。本文从股权集中度、股权性质、股权制衡、股权流动性和股权激励等方面,分析了我国特殊股权结构对上市公司过度投资的影响。结果表明:股权越集中和第一大股东为国家股时,上市公司的过度投资现象越严重,而增强股权制衡、加大股权流动性和增加股权激励,可以有效地缓解上市公司的过度投资行为。     

上市公司股权分置改革和投资效率关系的实证研究

本文基于中国资本市场的经验数据,并考虑不同控股股东性质和公司所在地区的市场化进程差异的影响,通过对我国上市公司投资效率与股权的关系研究发现,上市公司进行股权分置改革能有效的改善公司的投资效率,但这种效果仅表现为对投资不足的改善上,同时对于强制实行股权激励政策的国有上市公司效果更为显著,在市场化进程高的地区其股改对投资不足的改善效果会更好。     

供应链集中度如何影响企业投资效率

文章通过选取2008—2019年A股上市公司财务数据为样本,结合企业规模,实证检验了供应商/客户集中度对企业投资效率的影响。研究发现:供应商/客户集中度会降低企业投资效率,表现为同时加剧了企业过度投资和投资不足;供应商/客户集中度对企业投资效率的影响呈现出“选摘樱桃”现象,对过度投资的正向影响主要体现在大企业当中,而对投资不足的正向影响主要体现在小企业当中。进一步研究发现,供应商/客户集中度通过增加专用性资产投资导致企业过度投资;供应商/客户集中度因债务融资成本增加导致企业投资不足。这启示企业要加强供应链管理,提高企业投资效率。     

所有权结构、股权激励与非效率投资——基于京津冀上市公司数据的分析

以京津冀上市公司2006—2015年的数据为样本，实证分析所有权结构、股权激励对非效率投资的影响。研究发现，在样本公司里，股权激励机制的实施频率并不高，但股权激励的实施对非效率投资的发生确实起到了约束效果。代表所有权结构的股权集中度、机构投资者持股占比和管理层持股比例三个因素，虽然各自对非效率投资起到的作用不尽相同，但整体来看，有效合理的比例分配有助于改善上市公司非效率投资问题。另外，所有权结构中不同身份的股东对公司股权激励实施与否的影响也有所不同，其中管理层更支持该激励机制的实施     

股权结构、财务杠杆与公司投资行为

本文以我国上市公司2005~2009年的非平衡面板数据为样本,基于我国特殊的股权结构背景下讨论财务杠杆对公司投资行为的影响。研究结果表明,在我国股权高度集中并且国有控股的环境下,财务杠杆对公司投资行为也具有显著的抑制作用,但随着国有股权比例、控股股东掌握的股权比例的提高,财务杠杆的这种治理作用逐渐减弱。     

股权激励与投资行为:以光明乳业为例

投资决策是决定公司价值创造的重要因素之一,作为公司价值和经济增长的源泉,必然也受到管理层动机的影响。由所有权和经营权分离所导致的代理问题会影响高管人员的投资决策,导致公司过度投资或投资不足。由于投资对经理人兼具私人收益与私人成本,股权激励作为解决代理问题的一种长期激励方式,可能改变上述成本与收益的对比,其设计、实施是否合理会直接影响高管人员的行为,进而影响公司的投资行为。本文以光明乳业为例,分析股权激励如何影响国有上市公司的投资行为,并给出对策性建议。     

基于大股东控制的融资约束对上市公司投资行为的影响分析

上市公司一方面由于大股东控制权收益而导致企业投资效率低下,出现过度投资;另一方面外部资本市场的融资约束会导致投资不足。本文对我国沪市(2003-2006年)数据对其进行了分析,结果表明:上市公司存在过度投资现象;现金股利的发放、外部债务融资及内部股权制衡的增强均能制约过度投资行为。     

基于大股东控制的融资约束对上市公司投资行为的影响分析

上市公司一方面由于大股东控制权收益而导致企业投资效率低下，出现过度投资；另一方面外部资本市场的融资约束会导致投资不足。本文对我国沪市（2003—2006年）数据对其进行了分析，结果表明：上市公司存在过度投资现象；现金股利的发放、外部债务融资及内部股权制衡的增强均能制约过度投资行为。     

公司债务期限结构与投资效率

债务期限结构与投资效率之间不是简单的线性关系,它们的关系在很大程度上依赖于项目风险水平.投资非效率"程度"与短期债务比例呈类U形关系,即债务期限结构较为均衡时,投资非效率程度较低.我国上市公司短期债务主导型债务期限结构使得公司在面对较高和中等风险项目时,表现出过度投资倾向;而面对低风险项目,则表现出投资不足倾向.并且,短期债务比例与投资非效率程度正相关,较高的短期债务比例会引起较大的投资扭曲.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.