旅行社在旅游供应链中的地位演化及其策略分析

对旅行社在旅游供应链中地位作用的演化进行了分析,指出在信息技术网络化背景下旅行社与旅游供应商、旅游消费者相比其地位和作用正在逐步受到削弱和边缘化,接着分析了旅行社地位作用弱化给旅游供应链运作所产生的影响,最后得出旅行社在旅游供应链中的核心地位应该得到重新确认和塑造的结论,并从旅游消费者、旅游供应商以及旅行社自身素质提升等方面提出了实现这一目标的相关建议和策略.     

绿色旅游供应链服务模型的分析和构建

分析了绿色旅游供应链服务模型并研究了其具体的运作和保障机制.认为绿色旅游供应链服务模型由生产系统、消费系统、环境系统和社会系统四大主体构成,包括和涵盖了绿色旅游产品服务的设计、采购、生产、营销、消费以及废弃物回收和处理等若干环节,知识、技术、信息流、法律法规和社会伦理观念等都对其运作具有重要的约束力和影响作用,因此绿色旅游供应链的有效运作必须以强化节点企业内部管理、业务流程重塑改造、发挥旅行社主导作用以及加强政策法律引导等为基础.     

旅游业绿色供应链运作模型研究

旅游业绿色供应链运作模型以生产系统、消费系统、社会系统和环境系统为主体,包括旅游产品的绿色设计、绿色采购、绿色生产、绿色营销与消费及旅游废弃物的处理,强调知识流和信息流的重要性以及社会伦理与法规对旅游企业和旅游者的约束作用。强化节点企业内部管理、发挥旅行社的主导作用、实施供应链业务流程再造、加强法制建设及政策引导是旅游业绿色供应链运作模型的实施保障。     

基于旅行社视野推进旅游供应链运作模式构建研究

旅游供应链运作模式关系着游客的合理旅游需求能否得到及时有效的满足,是旅游业服务水平提高的重要标志.旅行社在供应链中发挥着重要的作用,是供应链管理的关键因素,基于旅行社视野推进旅游供应链运作模式构建将使旅行社在供应链中发挥其应有的核心影响力,推动供应链运作模式有效构建.     

旅行社主体下的旅游供应链运作模式研究

旅游服务供应链描述了旅游服务各个环节企业之间的关系,旅游供应链水平的高低关乎着整个行业的发展水平。旅行社在整个旅游服务供应链中担任着重要的协调各个企业的角色,其在整个旅游供应链中的地位很关键,站在旅行社的角度来对旅游服务供应链的运作模式进行推进,能够有效的发挥旅行社的核心协调作用促进整个旅行社的发展。     

基于GO法的旅游供应链可靠性研究

本文首先在前人对旅游供应链可靠性评价指标研究的基础上,综合考虑了消费者与旅游行业内人员的情况,对收集的数据进行灰色统计方法的处理,建立了新的评估指标体系。以旅行社为核心,对旅游供应链进行分析,将其分为供应、生产、分销三个阶段,建立GO图,以某旅行社为代表进行实证分析,得出其供应链可靠性水平,并提出改善建议。     

基于价格折扣机制的旅游供应链研究

文章研究以旅行社和景区组成的二级的旅游供应链,运用经济学及相关博弈理论,分别对分散无折扣定价和联合有折扣定价条件下旅游供应链的利润进行研究,得到联合有折扣条件下供应链整体利润较优,并确定了旅行社跟景区进行合作的折扣条件。最后,用运用Shapley值法对合作带来的收益进行协调。     

旅游供应链结构演进及其核心企业重构

旅游供应链的结构及其核心企业都是随着信息技术的变革和旅游业的发展而不断变化的,之前学者们对旅游供应链的结构及其核心企业进行过初步的研究,对于旅游供应链的结构研究经过了由直线型到网络型再到高级网络型的过程,其核心企业也经历了从旅行社到景区再到网络中间商的过程。本文基于前人的研究成果阐述了旅游供应链的结构演进过程,并分析了旅行社、景区和网络中间商作为旅游供应链核心企业的条件和弊端,最后得出智慧旅游服务平台在作为旅游供应链核心企业方面有着比前几者更多的优势。     

旅行社企业税收筹划——基于供应链合作角度

旅游产业是一个供应链,旅行社处于供应链的核心地位,其前端供应商包括酒店、景点、航空公司,后端客户涉及代理商、地接社、消费者,内部供应链包括导游、计调等。旅行社所做的每一项决策——包括税收筹划决策——都必须考虑对供应链上下游以及自身员工的影响,否则会使整个供应链税收总成本上升,竞争力降低,而且税收筹划效果也会因供应链成员的不配合而大打折扣。本文从供应链合作角度,探讨旅行社的税收筹划方案,以期对行业发展有所借鉴。     

中小旅行社实施绿色营销的价值与切入模式

中小旅行社实施绿色营销是绿色经济和绿色旅游发展的必然结果,也是中小旅行社可持续发展的必然要求。我国中小旅行社可以根据实际情况,从绿色企业形象塑造、营销策略组合绿化、绿色旅游市场专业化、开展国际绿色认证等方面实施切入,开展渐进式、层次化的绿色营销。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.