上市公司股利政策选择的动因与代理问题分析

公司股利政策体现了企业与外部股东、债权人及管理者之间的利益分配关系,目前我国上市公司的股利分配中各利益主体的矛盾还相当突出。本文通过对上市公司股利分配现状的描述,深入分析了上市公司选择现金股利、股票股利及不分配股利等股利政策的动因。最后从公司自由现金流量假设、融资渠道替换及股利政策优化模型的建立等方面,提出了如何从降低代理成本的角度选择股利政策的有效途径。     

我国上市公司股利政策影响因素分析

筹资、投资、股利分配是公司财务的三大核心内容，而股利政策是公司筹资投资活动在利润分配领域的逻辑延续。一方面，合理的股利分配政策能优化资本结构、降低资本成本，帮助实现股东价值最大化的目标；另一方面，连续稳定的股利会向市场传递关于公司未来前景的正确信息，树立良好的公司形象，激发投资者对公司持续投资的热情，从而使公司获得长期、稳定的发展条件和机会。因此，在上市公司的财务决策中，股利政策始终具有重要意义。     

股利政策的经济学分析及其路径选择

股利政策是公司政策体系中重要的一部分,也是经济学家们关注的重要问题。股利政策在股利无关论的基础上经过股利分配的税收效应理论、股利分配的信号传递效应理论、股利分配的代理理论三个理论发展阶段。股利政策所隐含的经济学基础是成本分析,从而得出上市公司股利分配路径选择的依据。从市场的长期发展来看,现金股利应当是公司股利政策的最终目标。     

个体投资者年龄特质与其股利偏好的实证分析

股利政策主要研究公司的税后利润在保留盈余与股东股利之间进行的权衡和分配,是公司融资决策和投资决策的逻辑延续。传统的股利政策有股利无关论和股利相关论,其中股利相关论又分为税差理论、追随者效应理论、信号传递理论和代理成本说等现代股利理论。随着行为经济学的崛起,金融学家们开始注重将社会学和心理学等学科的研究成果引进公司财务研究中,从市场参与者的个体行为以及产生该行为的更深层次心理、社会动机来解释、研究和预测公司股利政策现象与问题,     

股利政策与煤炭上市公司股利分配问题分析

股利分配政策是股份公司财务决策的重要组成部分,它与公司的投资决策、融资决策密切相关。在对两种股利理论介绍的基础上,分析了股利政策的影响因素以及煤炭上市公司股利分配政策的现状,并在进行原因分析后提出对策建议。     

我国上市公司的股权结构与股利政策

主要分析了股权结构对公司股利政策的影响。在对我国上市公司的股权结构和股利政策的关系进行实证研究之后，得出了上市公司的现金股利与国有股的比例正相关的结论，并用股利分配代理成本理论和股利顾客效应理论对这一结论做了解释。     

上市公司股利政策评析

股利政策主要是上市公司对其盈利进行分配或留存用于再投资的决策问题,公司在制定股利政策时,需要兼顾企业未来发展对资金的需要和股东对本期收益的要求,作出有利于实现股东财富最大化的决策.合理的股利政策,一方面可以为上市公司提供廉价的资金来源,另一方面可以为上市公司树立良好的财务形象,以吸引潜在的投资者和债权人.所以,股利政策是上市公司理财的核心问题,股利决策是上市公司重要的决策之一,应予以特别重视.     

对我国上市公司半强制分红制度局限性的思考

随着经济的发展,资本市场起着越来越重要的作用。股利分配政策作为公司理财的三大财务政策之一,是公司经营的重要组成部分。股利政策对于增加股东财富,引导投资者树立正确的投资理论,降低上市公司代理成本,资本市场的规范运行等都具有深远的影响。然而我国上市公司股利分配现状却很不规范,存在现金水平的发放率较低、股利分配政策缺乏稳定性和连续性等诸多问题,对投资者、公司、以及资本市场造成了不利影响。分析半强制分红政策的局限性同时提出可行的解决措施。     

剩余股利分配政策浅析

股利分配是企业向股东派股利，股利 是企业利润的一部分。在股利分配决策中， 企业要确定股利支付日期、股利支付形式。 股利支付比例以及支付现金股利所需资金 的筹集方式等，但最主要的是确定股利支 付比例，这又取决于企业采取什么样的股 利分配政策。所谓剩余股利分配政策是指 企业利润在按规定提取公积金和公益金之 后，如果企业存在良好的投资机会时，根据 一定的目标资金结构，测算出投资所需的 权益资本，先从盈余中留用，然后将剩余的 盈余作为股利予以分配。笔者认为，这种股 利分配政策是一种理想的股利分配政策。 一、剩余股利…     

公司股利政策代理理论研究:述评与展望

将代理理论引入企业股利政策研究的视野,有效地弥补了MM理论假设下传统股利理论的不足。西方股利政策的代理理论是沿着受股利政策影响最大的三大利益相关方(股东、经营者、债权人)之间利益冲突的协调而展开的。由于我国特殊的股权结构,在我国上市公司中,存在着非流通股股东-流通股股东代理问题以及股东-经营者、控股股东-中小股东的双重委托代理问题,由此导致了,我国上市公司的股利分配行为呈现出"中国式股利之谜"。同时,文章在梳理中西方股利代理理论的基础上,对未来代理理论视角的公司股利政策的研究机会进行了展望。     

Dividend policy and investor pressure

The economics of dividend policy has focused on the single tight narrative that dividends keep managers honest, mitigating concerns that they over-invest. This article provides a critique of that agency narrative, arguing that pressure from short-term focused investors, executives and board members pushes the firm into preemptive actions of returning too much cash via dividends. We analyze three channels of influence for investor pressure through 1) threat of takeovers, 2) shareholder value oriented corporate governance, measured by director independence and board equity incentives, and 3) trading and institutional ownership patterns. We find that firms adopt a higher dividend payout to discourage takeover bids. Also, FTSE 100 firms, that are most focused on shareholder value governance in the form of equity-based compensation and a higher share of independent directors, display a higher dividend payout. Frequency of trading and ownership by transient investors seeking current profits also predict increased dividend payout. Traditional agency theory, focused on dividends as a tool for managerial discipline, is not strongly supported by the results, which rather support a narrative of short-term investor pressure on firms irrespective of investment opportunities.     

Dividend taxes,corporate investment,and ‘Q’

Taxes on corporate distributions have traditionally been regarded as a ‘double tax’ on corporate income. This view implies that while the total effective tax rate on corporate source income affects real economic decisions, the distribution of this tax burden between the shareholders and the corporation is irrelevant. Recent research has suggested an alternative to this traditional view. One explanation of why firms in the United States pay dividends in spite of the heavy tax liabilities associated with this form of distribution is that the stock market capitalizes the tax payments associated with corporate distributions. This capitalization leaves investors indifferent at the margin between a corporation's decision to pay out dividends or to retain earnings. This alternative view holds that while changes in the dividend tax rate will affect shareholder wealth, they will have no impact on corporate investment decisions.This paper develops econometric tests which distinguish between these two views of dividend taxation. By extending Tobin's ‘q’ theory of investment to incorporate taxes at both the corporate and personal levels, the implications of each view for corporate investment decisions can be derived. The competing views may be tested by comparing the performance of investment equations estimated under each theory's predictions. British time series data are particularly appropriate for testing hypotheses about dividend taxes because of the substantial postwar variation in effective tax rates on corporate distributions. The econometric results suggest that dividend taxes have important effects on investment decisions.     

Dividend timing and behavior in laboratory asset markets

Summary. This paper investigates the effect of dividend timing on price bubbles and endogenous expectations in twenty-six laboratory asset markets. In ten "A1" markets, a single dividend is paid at the end of the trading horizon. In nine "A2" markets, dividends are paid at the end of each trading period. In seven "A3" markets, some of the dividends are paid at the end of the trading horizon, and the rest are paid on a per-period basis. The results indicate that price bubbles are most likely in A2 markets, less likely in A3 markets, and least likely in A1 markets. Six distinct hypotheses are considered. The data suggest that the concentration of dividend value at a single point in time helps to create common expectations, and thus significantly reduce the incidence of bubbles. Also, the results underscore the difficulty facing econometric tests on field data where fundamental value has to be approximated.     

Dividend policies in Australia and Japan

This paper presents the findings of a comparative study of dividend policies in Australia and Japan. It examines panel data from the constituent stocks of the ASX 200 Index of the Australian stock market and the Nikkei 225 Index of the Japanese stock market. The evidence that Australia, with an imputation tax system which favors dividends over capital gains, has a significantly higher dividend payout than Japan lends support to the influence of environment on dividend policy. Dividend policies in Australia and Japan are affected by different financial factors. Fixed effects regression models indicate that dividend policies are affected positively by size in Australia and liquidity in Japan, and negatively by risk in Japan only. An industry effect is found to be significant in both countries.     

产权性质、税收成本与上市公司股利政策

文章研究了上市公司控股股东的税收成本差异对上市公司股利政策的影响。作为股利政策的决策者,控股股东须权衡股利政策的成本和收益,其中税收成本是影响股利政策的重要因素之一。不同性质的控股股东对税收成本的关注程度存在显著差异:由于税利分离程度较高,民营控股股东对现金股利的税收成本更为敏感,尤其是在自然人直接控股的上市公司。研究发现,自然人控股公司最不偏好采用现金股利的分配方式以规避税收成本,而国有控股公司更倾向于发放较高的现金股利。实证结果支持了文章的假说,即不同产权所隐含的税收成本差异是影响上市公司股利政策的重要因素。     

Dividend Variability and Stock Market Swings

This paper examines the extent to which swings in stock prices can be related to variations in the discounted value of expected future dividends when investors face uncertainty about their future behaviour. I develop an econometric model that accounts for the instability of U.S. dividend growth and discount rates during the past 120 years. Estimates of the model reveal that changing forecasts of future dividend growth account for more than 90% of the predictable variations in dividend-prices. The estimates also imply that instability in the dividend and discount rate processes contribute significantly to the predictability of long-horizon stock returns.     

IMPACT OF DIVIDEND‐PROTECTED EMPLOYEE STOCK OPTIONS ON PAYOUT POLICIES: EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN

Abstract. This study used a sample of 1035 Taiwanese firms to examine the impact of dividend protected employee stock options on stock repurchase and cash dividend policies from 2000 to 2005. This study finds a positive relationship between cash dividends and executive options, implying that executives holding stock options might prefer to distribute cash dividends to boost the stock price. This result, unlike in earlier studies, arises from the dividend protected characteristic of Taiwanese employee stock options. Finally, free cash flow, firm profitability, level of debt, investment opportunities and firm size are found to considerably influence payout decisions.     

现金股利政策:控制权人挖掘利益侵占"隧道"的工具

传统经典的股利理论都把现金股利政策看做实现股东价值最大化的工具，并通过市场的反应对其进行检验。但是，它们都忽略了公司的“法律”性和控制权对现金股利政策的影响。现金股利政策是公司“法律”之一，它是控制权人意志的体现，渗透着控制权人的利益倾向，现金股利政策可能成为公司控制权人利益侵占“隧道”的挖掘工具。控制权人利用现金股利挖掘利煎侵占“隧道”可能有三种情况：经营者对股东利益侵占“隧道”的挖掘、大股东对小股东利益侵占“隧道”的挖掘、公司对债权入利益侵占“隧道”的挖掘。在我国还存在着一种特殊的利益侵占“隧道”——非流通股股东对流通股股东利益侵占的“隧道”。     

股权结构与股利政策的发展综述及展望

作为公司财务理论三大支柱之一的股利政策,一直是一个难解之谜。2006年,股权分置改革取得了阶段性的胜利,它解决了长期以来因“同股不同权”而带来的公司治理方面的诸多问题。国际上对股权结构主要从股权流通性、股权集中度、股权制衡度等方面进行探究,而我国关于股权结构与股利政策关系的实证研究主要集中在股权流通性上,研究表明：我国非流通股偏好现金股利,而流通股偏好股票股利。国外研究表明：股权集中度与股利支付水平负相关,而我国则相反。至于股权制衡度,欧洲与亚洲亦得出相反的结论。     

Double Dividend with Involuntary Unemployment: Efficiency and Intergenerational Equity

This paper analyzes the double dividend and distributional issues within an overlapping generations model framework with involuntary unemployment. We characterize the necessary conditions needed to obtain a double dividend, when the revenue of the environmental tax is recycled by a variation of the labor tax rate. We show that an employment dividend may occur without any efficiency dividend and that the young generation is not always harmed by the fiscal reform, even without any intergenerational transfers. Therefore, three dividends (environmental, efficiency and intergenerational equity) can occur simultaneously.