农村人力资源开发与缩小城乡居民收入差距探析

我国城乡居民收入差距扩大成为近年来备受各方关注的热点问题,究其原因,最根本的是社会人力资本投入分布的不合理。大力加强农村人力资源开发成为不断缩小城乡居民收入差距的必然选择。现阶段我国农村人力资源开发应选择多元化战略,坚持远近结合狠抓当前的方针,努力开创农村人力资源开发工作新局面。     

中国农村地区收入差距与教育差距的动态研究

按照收入来源对农村地区收入差异进行分解后发现,我国农村地区收入差距的扩大主要来自农村工资性收入的地区差距,而农村工资性收入差异又主要与农村教育差距相关。通过构造内生收入函数模型,笔者实证研究了我国农村地区教育差距对收入差距的动态影响。结果发现,农村教育差距是收入差距扩大的重要原因,农村教育差距每上升1%,农村地区收入差距将扩大4.5196%,并且农村教育差距对收入差距的影响越来越大。     

中国居民收入分配现状及其未来发展趋势

收入差距问题仍然是当今中国备受关注的社会问题之一,文章对收入分配与差距的最新变化进行了研究。2012年城镇、农村和城乡居民收入差距同时缩小,所以2012年总体收入差距也随之缩小。然而,未来城镇和农村居民收入差距会扩大,同时,城乡居民收入差距缩小速度减慢甚至转为收入差距扩大,所以中国总体居民收入差距将会扩大。至于功能性收入分配,由于第二产业产值比重的下降,2012年中国总体劳动报酬占比上升。住户、企业和政府间的分配格局继续朝着有利于政府的格局发展,特别是收入再分配制度强化了政府在三者分配格局中的优势。     

关于我国城乡收入差距和政府的行为选择的探讨

本文对我国现阶段所存在的城乡二元经济结构进行了分析,并根据工业化国家发展的经验,提出政府行为选择对解决我国城乡收入差距问题具有重要的意义,进而探讨了现阶段政府行为选择的主要措施:全面减轻农民负担、增加政府的农业投入并合理调节农业投入的结构、促进农村人口非农化转移以及建立农村人力资源开发体系等。     

从城乡居民收入差距看西部大开发的实施效果

文章从城乡居民收入差距的角度,运用单因素方差分析法和多元回归的方法检验西部大开发的整体绩效,运用描述统计的方法检验西部大开发在西部内部各省区市的绩效差别.结果显示,西部大开发对西部的城乡居民收入绝对差距产生了逆向调节作用,但西部大开发有效遏制了城乡居民收入相对差距的扩大,使增加的趋势得到了减缓;西部大开发对缩小城乡收入差距的积极效果是长期的,而非短期的;西部大开发对城乡收入差距的影响在西部地区内部各省区市之间具有明显的不平衡性.所以,我们一定要看到西部大开发政策的长期性,同时要根据各省区市的实际,采取不同的开发策略.     

教育投资与东西部收入分配差距

在西部经济的进程中,高素质的人力资源的短缺和低素质劳动力的就业需要,使得人力资源的素质成为经济结构转轨和产业结构调整的瓶颈之一,也成为了制约地区经济和地区间收入分配平衡发展的难点之一。在此,就引发了教育投资与收入分配差距的关系问题。本文拟从我国东西部收入分配的地区差距入手,揭示教育投产在形成东西部收入差距中的重要作用,以此说明西部大开发重视教育投资的重大意义。     

我国城乡收入差距扩大的原因及对策

中国农村社会经济状况发生了深刻的变化。从总体上看,农村居民摆脱了极度贫困,物质文化生活水平得到明显改善,基本上稳定地解决了温饱问题,奠定了向小康迈进的基础。这是具有重大历史意义的社会进步。我国居民收入差距不断扩大的现象,必然导致贫富两极分化,影响社会的稳定。针对如何缩小收入差距,需要从城乡收入扩大现状、具体表现进行分析,进而提出缩小收入差距的对策建议。     

山西省城乡居民收入差距分析

文章首先将山西省城镇居民收入水平与全国和湖南、湖北等中部省份相比较,再利用1989—2013年的山西省城乡居民收入数据,详细分析城乡收入比的变化情况,总结出导致山西省城乡收入差距较大的原因主要有:城乡"二元"经济体制依然存在、农村社会保障体系不完善和收入分配不合理。在此基础上,提出加快城镇化建设步伐、加大对农村农民转移支付力度和提高居民整体收入水平这三个方面建议来解决山西省城乡居民收入差距依然较大的问题。     

中国东、中、西部地区城乡收入差距比较分析

中国东、中、西部地区城乡收入差距呈扩大趋势,其主要原因有:地理特征不同,区域非均衡发展,非农产业发展不均衡,人力资本、生育率差异.缩小东、中、西部地区间城乡收入差距的对策有:协调区域发展,中、西部要发挥比较优势;加快中部崛起;继续推进西部大开发;中、西部要加强非农产业的发展;降低农村生育率,提高农村人口素质.     

中国农村地区收入差距解释:1997～2005

1997～2005年我国农村地区收入差距以2000年为转折点,经历了先下降后上升的变化过程。要素分解分析表明,1997～2000年地区收入差距的下降完全归因于分配效应;2001～2005年地区收入差距的上升主要归因于结构效应。样本分解分析表明,东中西部地区间的差距和东部地区内部的差距是形成农村地区差距的主要原因。费景汉-兰尼斯分解分析表明,工资性收入、地理位置、教育、物质资本和人均占有耕地面积共解释了地区收入差距的80%以上。     

我国开发区的发展方略

开发区作为我国对外开放的重要组成部分和具体形式,在推进我国社会主义现代化建设中发挥了重要作用。我国加入WTO之后,意味着国内市场纳入世界统一大市场之中。如何重新审视我国开发区的目标定位,并从宏观、中观及微观的不同层面制订或调整与实施     

Quantifying the impact of financial development on economic development

How important is financial development for economic development? A costly state verification model of financial intermediation is presented to address this question. The model is calibrated to match facts about the U.S. economy, such as the intermediation spreads and the firm-size distributions for 1974 and 2004. It is then used to study the international data using cross-country interest-rate spreads and per-capita GDPs. The analysis suggests a country like Uganda could increase its output by 116 percent if it could adopt the world?s best practice in the financial sector. Still, this amounts to only 29 percent of the gap between Uganda?s potential and actual output.     

马克思可持续发展经济思想与人的全面发展

马克思经典著作及其理论中,包含着丰富的可持续发展经济思想及其与人的全面发展的关系.马克思不仅仅或主要是从阶级剥削角度揭露资本主义的暂时性,而更重要的是从人类社会可持续发展的角度,从人的发展的角度揭露和论证资本主义的危害性和暂时性,以及被新的合理社会形态(人与自然和谐发展,人得到全面发展的社会形态)所代替的必然性、合理性,使人类社会持续发展、使人和自然和谐发展共存,从而使人得到全面自由的发展,这才是马克思毕生所追求的.马克思理论占主导的应该是他的合理开发、利用保护自然资源,人和自然和谐共存、发展,人得到充分自由全面发展的可持续发展思想.     

Economic diversity, development capacity and sustainable development of China

China's economic growth over the past several decades has been among the highest in the world. It has been fueled by cheap fossil fuel energy so energy consumption has risen rapidly, but there are signs that negative feedbacks in the form of waste and inefficiency may affect future development. If energy throughput exceeds the capacity of the environment to process the inevitable waste from production then the development may not be sustainable. We calculate economic diversity using an energy flow network analysis method to explore the relationships of development policy, energy use, efficiency and sustainable development. China and its provinces are presented as a case study and the development status of each province in China is presented. China's development policy does not appear to be sustainable over the period 1985–1998 because of unsustainable energy consumption trends and declining economic diversity. An energy consumption tax is proposed for increasing diversity and dealing with increasing energy consumption in China.     

Rethinking economic development

I provide a summary, reflection and assessment of the current state of economic development in both the policy and academic worlds. In terms of development policy, currently, the primary focus is on policy interventions, namely, foreign aid, aimed at fixing the “deficiencies” of developing countries. Academic research also has a similar focus, except with an emphasis in rigorous evaluation of interventions to estimate causal effects. A standard set of versatile quantitative tools is used, e.g., experimental and quasi‐experimental methods, which can be easily applied in a range of settings to estimate the causal effects of policies, which are typically presumed to be similar across contexts. In this article, I take a step back and ask whether the current practices are the best that we can do. Are foreign aid and policy interventions the best options we have for poverty alleviation? What else can be done? Is our current research strategy, characterized by rigorous but a lack of context‐specific analysis, the best method of analysis? Is there a role for other research methods, for a deeper understanding of the local context and for more collaboration with local scholars?     

Death and development

Analyzing a variety of cross-national and sub-national data, we argue that high adult mortality reduces economic growth by shortening time horizons. Paying careful attention to the age pattern of mortality and to endogeneity issues, we find that a greater risk of death during the prime productive years is associated with higher levels of risky behavior, higher fertility, and lower investment in physical capital, even when controlling for infant mortality. In our regressions, adult mortality explains almost all of Africa’s growth tragedy. This analysis underscores grim forecasts of the long-run economic costs of the ongoing AIDS epidemic. Most of the work for this paper was completed prior to the tragic passing away of our dear friend and colleague John McMillan in March of 2007.     

Trust and development

In this paper we examine linkages between social trust and economic development using, for the first time, a panel of data. We confirm earlier cross-sectional studies finding that trust is a significant factor in development and also show for the first time that trust significantly interacts with both investment in physical and human capital. We provide a robustness analysis of our results via a set of jackknife experiments on our main equations, and the trust coefficients and interactions are very tightly distributed, indicating that the results are not highly sample dependent. We also consider whether trust directly influences investment and find that in a panel framework it does not unless we allow for a trust–education interaction in the investment equation.     

Maximizing human development

The Human Development Index (HDI) is widely used as a measure of well‐being. We examine the allocations implied by the maximization of this index using a standard growth model. Maximization leads to consumption (excluding education and health expenditures) being pushed to minimal levels. It also leads to the overaccumulation of education and/or health capital and possibly physical capital, relative to the standard golden rule. We propose an alternative specification for the HDI, where consumption replaces income as a proxy for decent standard of living. Maximization of this alternative implies a ‘human development golden rule’ which balances consumption, education and health expenditure. We advocate the method of optimization subject to constraints for revealing the policy implications of taking an achievement measure and its underlying philosophy seriously.