通货膨胀率周期波动与非线性动态调整

本文运用MRSTAR模型研究我国通货膨胀率的周期阶段划分、通胀率周期波动的非线性和非对称性动态特征,通胀率不同阶段相互转移的路径及其内在机理。实证研究表明,我国通货膨胀率波动可以划分为通货紧缩、通缩恢复、温和通胀以及严重通胀四个阶段,通胀率波动不同阶段的划分不仅依赖于通胀率的水平,也依赖于通胀率的增加量;在一个波动周期内,通胀率不同阶段的典型转移路径为:通货紧缩→温和通胀→严重通胀→温和通胀→通货紧缩;我国通货紧缩与温和通胀持续时间较长,而严重通胀持续时间很短;冲击对通胀率系统不具有持久性影响,正向冲击与负向冲击的影响具有非对称特征。     

外汇储备变动对通胀预期的影响及“阈值”效应

基于对外汇储备变动与通货膨胀预期关系的研究,运用平滑转换回归模型证实了外汇储备变动冲击会对公众的通货膨胀预期和通货紧缩预期产生影响。研究表明,外汇储备增速下降对公众通缩预期的冲击大于外汇储备增速上升对公众通货膨胀预期的冲击,即该影响具有非对称性。同时,本文证实了外汇储备的变动对通胀预期的影响具有"阈值"效应,在外汇储备增速接近零时会改变公众的通胀预期。在后金融危机时代,管理层应更加关注外汇储备增速下降所造成的公众通缩预期,防止因预期的自我实现带来的实际通货紧缩效应,从而正确引导公众预期,实现金融稳定的目标。     

我国价格泡沫成分的形成机制分析与实证检验

由于各种经济因素的扰动和冲击,价格水平往往会偏离均衡约束所形成的基础价格,从而导致各种经济泡沫的出现.文章分析了我国经济运行中泡沫的形成机制和存在性.通过检验我国经济运行不同阶段的价格变化路径上是否存在理性泡沫成分的假设后发现,只有在1983年1月至1989年12月这段高通货膨胀时期价格水平当中包含了泡沫成分,并以此对我国通货膨胀或通货紧缩的成因和属性给出了分析和判断.     

美国通货膨胀对中国通胀预期的影响研究

本文基于理性预期与预期形成的传染病学模型,将外部通货膨胀因素引入通货膨胀预期形成机制之中,采用MTARDL模型实证检验美国通货膨胀对中国通货膨胀预期的作用机制。研究结果表明,美国通货膨胀在中国通货膨胀预期形成机制中具有明显的非对称特征,其上涨对通货膨胀预期的催化效果远大于下降造成的抑制效应,而且美国通货膨胀对国内通货膨胀预期的影响存在结构性突变,相比于断点前,其影响效果在断点后更加强劲且作用过程趋于复杂化。与此同时,国内货币政策对通货膨胀预期的调控效果正逐渐下降。研究结果显示,国内货币当局在对公众通货膨胀预期引导过程中应更加注重美国通货膨胀的动态变化,同时优化货币政策的传导机制及政策效率。     

治理通缩不要忽视通胀

尽管不可否认国内外都丰在通货紧缩，但现有的研究与认识还不足以束定通货膨胀。我们在面对通货紧缩这一新的经济敌人的同时，原来的经济敌人并未死亡；通货膨胀远未投降，它只是披上了新的更加危险的外衣。从全球的经济现实看，促使通货膨胀和价格上涨的结构性因素仍然存在，各国要保持抵通货膨胀下的经济可持续增长，尚需邓难的努力。     

我国近阶段通货膨胀成因及应对措施简析

自2010年5月以来,CPI一直居高不下.通过分析发现,货币供给、投资需求和外部因素对现阶段通货膨胀有不利影响,工资上涨对通货膨胀的影响还没显现出来,并且,现阶段的通货膨胀有很明显的结构性特征.央行连续收紧银根,有可能引发后期通货紧缩.行政干涉手段不是长久之计.     

通货膨胀环境视角下的人民币汇率传递——理论模型和实证研究

基于汇率传递模型(Shintani等,2009),文章分析了通货膨胀环境因素对汇率传递的影响机制;同时,对上述理论模型加以拓展,证明了在通货膨胀环境影响下,汇率变动对消费者价格传递效应具有非线性平滑变化特征。文章接下来运用非线性平滑转换STR模型实证分析的结果表明:(1)在较低且稳定的通货膨胀环境下,汇率传递效应较低,在较高且不稳定的通货膨胀环境下,汇率传递效应较高;(2)随着通货膨胀环境的变化,汇率传递弹性在-0.136~-0.049之间非线性平滑变化,汇率传递变化幅度较大,因此需重视通货膨胀环境因素对汇率传递的影响。     

通货膨胀持久性的体制转换分析及其政策意义

中国将长期面临通货膨胀压力。在此背景下,深入考察通货膨胀的持久性特征可以为相应的理论研究和政策实践提供参考和借鉴。文章利用Markov体制转换模型分析通货膨胀过程是否存在结构性转变以及通货膨胀持久性是否因此发生变化,发现RPI通货膨胀率动态过程存在体制转换,体制转换时间发生在1994～1996年以及2006～2008年间,但这种结构性转变并没有显著影响通货膨胀持久性,两种体制下的通货膨胀自相关系数和分别达到了0.94和0.97。文章指出,基于新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型的反通货膨胀政策模拟表明,持久性的存在会显著改变反通货膨胀过程中通货膨胀和产出缺口对于货币政策冲击的动态反应,揭示出通货膨胀持久性对于货币政策操作具有重要意义。     

我国近阶段通货膨胀成因及应对措施简析

自2010年5月以来，CPI一直居高不下。通过分析发现，货币供给、投资需求和外部因素对现阶段通货膨胀有不利影响，工资上涨对通货膨胀的影咱还没显现出来，并且，现阶段的通货膨胀有很明显的结构性特征。央行连续收紧银根，有可能引发后期通货紧缩。行政干涉手段不是长久之计。     

货币冲击的动态效果

基于一个发展了的允许货币冲击存在短期真实效应的货币数量论框架,以及以此为基础的结构性向量自回归模型(SVAR)来考察货币冲击对我国一般价格水平和实际产出的动态效果的理论和经验分析结果表明,货币冲击在长期内是中性的,但对短期产出水平具有真实效应。不过,与实际冲击的作用比较起来,货币冲击对于解释我国实际变量的波动并不重要;然而,货币冲击能够解释一般价格水平变化的实质性部分。数量历史分析还显示,货币冲击能够很好地解释我国一般价格水平变化的时间轨迹以及历史上发生的通货膨胀和通货紧缩。     

Asymmetric behavior of inflation differentials in the euro area: Evidence from a threshold unit root test

This paper tests the existence of persistent inflation rate differentials in the euro area by employing linear as well nonlinear unit root tests. Besides linear unit root tests, a two-regime threshold unit root test examines the conjecture that inflation rate differentials follow a nonlinear two-regime process towards a threshold, switching from the persistent regime to the transitory one and vice versa. The results imply that threshold nonlinearity is confirmed in 10 out of the 16 cases. However, we have found unit root regime-switching behavior only in six out of the 16 cases under investigation. This finding implies that these inflation rate differentials were persistent when they were low (regime 1), but transitory when they were high (regime 2). This asymmetric behavior can possibly be explained by the different degree of pressure exercised on governments, which is accompanied with different inflation rate differentials. On the contrary, despite the evidence of nonlinearity, the majority of the inflation rate differentials are found to be monotonically persistent. Our results have strong implications for policy makers. In particular, the documented persistency in the inflation rate differentials might have long-run costs in terms of price and macroeconomic stability.     

总量均衡区间及其对通货膨胀与通货紧缩的"放大"效应

现代市场经济运行中由于供给方调整供给量须耗费调节成本,因而传统分析中的"总量均衡中心点"两侧便分别存在着"低位临界点"与"高位临界点",这两点界定了一个特殊的总量均衡区间.总量均衡区间的存在将对通货膨胀与通货紧缩产生一种特殊的"放大"效应,从而对宏观经济运行与调控产生诸多负面影响.对此须予以充分关注,并采取必要措施加以应对.     

The hump-shaped behavior of inflation and a dynamic externality

We propose a general equilibrium model that explains the empirical evidence of the hump-shaped response of inflation to a monetary policy shock. The model replaces backward-looking indexation à la Christiano et al. [2005. Nominal rigidities and the dynamic effect of a shock to monetary policy. Journal of Political Economy 113(1), 1-45] with a dynamic externality into the production function of firms. The model, armed with sticky wages and variable capital utilization, has two offsetting effects on real marginal cost over the business cycle. First, increasing factor prices raise real marginal cost in response to an expansionary monetary policy shock in the intermediate run. Second, a dynamic externality reduces real marginal cost in the short run because it raises productivity in response to an increase in output following the shock. Overall, the resulting short-run decrease and intermediate-run increase in marginal cost replicate the hump-shaped behavior of inflation under purely forward-looking price and wage Phillips curves.     

通货膨胀、汇率波动与货币政策——基于符号约束的贝叶斯VAR模型实证研究

通过构建通货膨胀形成的理论模型,本文运用符号约束的贝叶斯VAR方法探讨通货膨胀和汇率波动对产出增长的影响。结果发现：实际利率对通货膨胀和人民币升值冲击均有较大的响应,且受通货膨胀的影响更大,即稳定价格的货币政策比稳定汇率的政策更加有效;通货膨胀冲击下,实际利率在长期有所上升,但并未达到控制通货膨胀的效果,实际利率偏低阻碍了货币政策效果的发挥;人民币升值对产出增长具有较大的负面影响,对通货膨胀具有负向）中击,但由于油价上涨的原因,人民币升值并没有降低通货膨胀水平。     

Raising an inflation target: The Japanese experience with Abenomics

This paper draws from Japan׳s recent monetary experiment to examine the effects of an increase in the inflation target during a liquidity trap. We review Japanese data and examine through a VAR model how macroeconomic variables respond to an identified inflation target shock. We apply these findings to calibrate the effect of a shock to the inflation target in a new-Keynesian DSGE model of the Japanese economy. We argue that imperfect observability of the inflation target and a separate exchange rate shock are needed to successfully account for the behavior of nominal and real variables in Japan since late 2012. Our analysis indicates that Japan has made some progress towards overcoming deflation, but further measures are needed to raise inflation to 2 percent in a stable manner.     

Time consistent monetary policy with endogenous price rigidity

I characterize time consistent equilibrium in an economy with price rigidity and an optimizing monetary authority operating under discretion. Firms have the option to increase their frequency of price change, at a cost, in response to higher inflation. Previous studies, which assume a constant degree of price rigidity across inflation regimes, find two time consistent equilibria—one with low inflation, the other with high inflation. In contrast, when price rigidity is endogenous, the high inflation equilibrium ceases to exist. Hence, time consistent equilibrium is unique. This result depends on two features of the analysis: (1) a plausible quantitative specification of the fixed cost of price change, and (2) the presence of an arbitrarily small cost of inflation that is independent of price rigidity.     

Is gold a hedge against inflation? New evidence from a nonlinear ARDL approach

This paper aims to study the role of gold as a hedge against inflation based on local monthly gold prices in China, India, Japan, France, the United Kingdom and the United States of America in periods ranging from 1955 to 2015. We extend the literature by using a novel approach with the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) model (Shin et al., 2014). The main advantage of this model relies on its ability to simultaneously capture the short- and long-run asymmetries through positive and negative partial sum decompositions of changes in the independent variable(s). Moreover, we rely on local gold prices instead of those from London converted into local currencies like in most of previous studies. The results show that gold is not a hedge against inflation in the long run in all cases. In the short run, gold is an inflation hedge only in the UK, USA, and India. Furthermore, there is no long-run equilibrium between gold prices and the CPI in China, India and France. This difference may be due to traditional aspects of gold and custom controls for gold trade in these countries. Our robustness check suggests that the data time-frequency does not change the specification of the NARDL model but can change conclusions regarding the role of gold as a hedge against inflation in certain countries.     

The evolution of inflation expectations in Canada and the US

We model inflation forecasts as monotonically diverging from an estimated long‐run anchor point towards actual inflation as the forecast horizon shortens. Fitting the model with forecaster‐level data for Canada and the US, we identify three key differences between the two countries. First, the average estimated anchor of US inflation forecasts has tended to decline gradually over time in rolling samples, from 3.4% for 1989–1998 to 2.2% for 2004–2013. By contrast, it has remained close to 2% since the mid‐1990 for Canadian forecasts. Second, the variance of estimates of the long‐run anchor is considerably lower for the panel of Canadian forecasters than US ones following Canada's adoption of inflation targets. And third, forecasters in Canada look much more alike than those in the US in terms of the weight that they place on the anchor. One explanation for these results is that an explicit inflation‐targeting regime (Canada) provides for less uncertainty about future monetary policy actions than a monetary policy regime where there was no explicit numerical inflation target (the US before 2012) to anchor expectations.     

A structural model of price and exchange rate dynamics in a small open economy

Conclusions A major result following from the analysis of ourstructural model of inflation under flexible exchange rates is that there is no such thing asstructural inflation in the long run. Long-run inflation rather becomes a purely monetary phenomenon if exchange rates are flexible and if on an international level functioning capital markets are postulated. While, in the light of the assumptions made in Part III, this finding is not nearly as paradoxical as it may appear at first sight, it can hardly be overemphasized considering the ongoing theoretical discussion and the empirical research on the Scandinavian approach to inflation and recalling that the Scandinavian model is basically intended to picture equilibrium dynamics.The results concerning equilibrium price and exchange rate dynamics also apply to the equilibriumlevels of prices and the exchange rate, i. e., the equilibrium price level depends exclusively on monetary factors while the equilibrium exchange rate is determined by a purchasing power parity element and the structural productivity gap component.Turning to the results of our analysis of disequilibrium dynamics, the overall picture does not change very much. Here the qualitative pattern of adjustment of both prices and the exchange rate is again completely independent of structural variables, but is exclusively determined by four adjustment coefficients. However, the particular quantitative values assumed by prices and the exchange rate during the adjustment process do indeed reflect the impact of the productivity gap.No conclusions can be derived from our model on the amount of time it takes to return to the neighbourhood of equilibrium once the economy has been subjected to some kind of external shock. A casual examination of post-1973 developments and especially the Swiss experience suggest, however, that in the case of a disturbance as, e. g., in the form of a monetary contraction (relative to the rest of the world), the economy may take so long to return to the neighbourhood of long-run equilibrium that the negative real consequences of the overvaluation of the domestic currency during the adjustment process provide a momentous rationale for short-run stabilization interventions in the foreign exchange market.We should like to thank Peter Bernholz and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on a previous version of this paper.     

The expected inflation channel of government spending in the postwar U.S.

There exist sticky price models in which the output response to a government spending change can be large if the central bank is nonresponsive to inflation. According to this “expected inflation channel,” government spending drives up expected inflation, which in turn, reduces the real interest rate and leads to an increase in private consumption. This paper examines whether the channel was important in the post-WWII U.S., with particular attention to the 2009 Recovery Act period. First, we show that a model calibrated to have a large output multiplier requires a large response of expected inflation to a government spending shock. Next, we show that this large response is inconsistent with structural vector autoregression evidence from the Federal Reserve׳s passive policy period (1959–1979). Then, we study expected inflation measures during the Recovery Act period in conjunction with a panel of professional forecaster surveys, a cross-country comparison of bond yields and fiscal policy news announcements. We show that the expected inflation response was too small to engender a large output multiplier.