多元化经营与企业价值：我国上市公司多元化溢价的实证分析

多元化经营与企业价值之间的关系是近年来公司金融领域的一个研究热点。为此，本文建立起我国上市公司多元化程度的相关数据库，通过间接检验内部资本市场理论的实证含义，深入分析多元化经营与企业价值的理论与经验关系，发现：我国上市公司存在显著的多元化溢价现象，多元化公司具有较大的市值一账面值比、Tobiffsq和超额价值；在控制住规模、无形资产、财务杠杆和股利政策等影响企业价值的因素后，多元化溢价仍位于0．09～0．16之间；产生多元化溢价的原因是价值高的企业更倾向于采取多元化经营战略，并且我国上市公司的内部资本市场可能较为有效。     

公司特质、市场激励与上市公司多元化经营

公司多元化经营是一个在理论界颇具争议的话题 ,许多有关多元化经营结果在资本市场上表现的理论和经验研究往往得出对立的结论。本文基于公司特异性思想 ,在Lucas的动态递归理论框架下 ,探讨了公司特质与市场激励以及公司多元化经营边界之间的相互关系 ,并从理论上统一了对多元化本身的争论。同时 ,本文对沪深两市 3 79家上市公司 1 998— 2 0 0 0年间多元化经营状况变动与公司价值变动情况、经营绩效的研究证实了模型的有关推断 ,即多元化经营本身是中性的 ,但多元化经营的方式、多元化经营的边界与上市公司的超额价值以及经营绩效之间存在显著的相关性。     

管理者股权激励、内部资本市场与公司多元化

以我国多元化公司中管理者利用内部资本市场进行资金错配攫取私利行为为背景,研究管理者股权激励对多元化公司内部资本市场效率和公司价值的影响。通过建立双重委托代理模型,选取2009-2014年我国A股上市公司面板数据进行实证检验。结果发现：①多元化公司内部资本市场效率随管理者股权激励水平的提高而提高;②管理者股权激励水平提高最终导致多元化公司价值增加,内部资本市场在其中起部分中介作用;③公司多元化水平影响管理者股权激励对内部资本市场效率和公司价值的促进效应。     

多元化经营、企业价值与收益波动研究——以中国上市公司为例的实证研究

本文指出,马里斯关于企业利润与增长之间存在负相关关系的前提假设不适应于我国上市公司,对处于经济转轨时期的中国上市公司而言,增长与利润之间的关系可能表现出新的特征.本文的研究表明,我国上市公司的多元化对企业价值具有正效应,多元化经营可以提高企业的价值;企业的多元化对企业收益的波动具有负效应,即多元化降低了企业收益的波动程度;没有明显的迹象表明,我国上市公司的多元化经营与绩效关系之间的拐点已经出现.本研究在一定程度上解释了现阶段我国上市公司为什么普遍采取多元化经营这一模式的动机.     

管理者股权激励、内部资本市场与公司多元化——基于双重委托代理模型的分析框架

以我国多元化公司中管理者利用内部资本市场进行资金错配攫取私利行为为背景,研究管理者股权激励对多元化公司内部资本市场效率和公司价值的影响。通过建立双重委托代理模型,选取2009-2014年我国A股上市公司面板数据进行实证检验。结果发现:1多元化公司内部资本市场效率随管理者股权激励水平的提高而提高;2管理者股权激励水平提高最终导致多元化公司价值增加,内部资本市场在其中起部分中介作用;3公司多元化水平影响管理者股权激励对内部资本市场效率和公司价值的促进效应。     

中国家族上市公司多元化经营与公司治理问题研究

本文根据中国A股市场家族上市公司的数据,以多元化经营背后的动机为切入点,对中国家族公司的公司治理问题进行了实证研究。结果发现,在投资者保护水平较低时,家族大股东通过金字塔持股等方式实现了上市公司的现金流权和控制权分离,使其有动机也有机会通过多元化经营侵占少数股东的利益;虽然多元化经营对建立内部要素市场从而增加企业价值有积极影响,但家族大股东侵占产生的代理成本大于资源配置效率提高带来的收益,多元化经营与公司绩效呈负相关关系。     

所有权性质、多元化和资本结构内生性

本文采用1999—2003年间上市公司的数据,在分析我国企业资本结构决定因素的基础上,对多元化与资本结构的关系进行了研究。我们的研究表明,所有权性质对我国企业多元化与资本结构的关系有着显著的影响:对于国有控股企业,多元化会造成其财务杠杆的显著提高;对于非国有控股企业,这种影响并不显著。多元化动机的差异可能是造成这种现象的原因。共同保险理论可以解释国有控股企业资本结构的显著改变;对于非国有控股企业,我们没有发现内部资本市场失效的证据。     

多元化战略对管理层激励的影响--来自中国资本市场的经验证据

本文利用2001-2004年中国上市公司的数据,使用面板数据模型,对中国上市公司多元化与管理层激励之间的关系进行了检验.结果表明:现金薪酬水平与公司价值负相关,高管人员持股比例与公司价值之间是非线性关系,激励并没有发挥其应有的作用;多元化对公司价值的影响并不显著.当控制了影响多元化的公司内部因素后,我们发现国有股占主导地位的公司,多元化程度与现金薪酬之间是负向关系;多元化程度与管理层持股比例之间是正向关系.多元化程度与在职消费正相关.多元化决策是管理当局希望从多元化中获取更多的剩余收益和隐性的私人利益.     

会计信息质量影响权益资本成本的实证分析北大核心CSSCI

会计信息质量是影响股票交易的重要参数,它的提高能显著降低流动性风险溢价。经由股票流动性的传导,会计信息质量能够降低企业权益资本成本,进而实现企业价值最大化。本文通过构建企业会计信息质量与流动性风险的混合面板回归模型,以我国沪深A股中的上市公司为样本,对上市公司会计信息质量与流动性风险、市场风险之间的关系进行了实证分析,研究结果表明,公司可以通过加强自身建设,完善内部控制机制,提高企业会计信息质量,降低公司权益资本成本,进而实现公司价值最大化。     

多元化与上市公司可持续发展能力分析——来自中国证券市场的证据

上市公司的可持续发展问题不仅涉及到上市公司自身的健康成长,而且直接影响到资本市场的稳定与发展.作为影响企业可持续发展的因素之一,企业多元化和专业化经营究竟孰优孰劣,业界一直争论不休.研究多元化与可持续发展能力的关系对于上市公司选择合理的经营模式,实现可持续发展具有重要的战略意义.     

THE DETERMINANTS OF THE INTER-INDUSTRY PATTERN OF DIVERSIFICATION BY U.K. MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES*

Evidence of the diversity of output of larger U.K. manufacturing enterprises’in 1958, 1963 and 1968 is provided in the Reports on the Census of Production. The Censuses show that between 1958 and 1968 diversification was a significant and general trend in manufacturing industries and an important element in the growth of firms during the period. Moreover diversification seems to be part of a longer term trend in U.K. industry and part of the typical development pattern of the large firm. A theory of the firm's diversification decision is proposed and from this theory predictions are made of the structural features both of a firm's primary industry and of outside industries which are likely to encourage diversification from the one industry to the other. The power of the model in explaining the pattern of diversification between SIC manufacturing orders in the period 1963–68 is weak, due in part to the wide variety of factors influencing diversification and to the aggregated form of the data. Nevertheless, the results show the importance of research and development effort in encouraging diversification and the stimulus to diversification given by profitability and risk in firms’primary industries and high rates of output growth in outside industries. While the findings offer no clear conclusions regarding the impact of diversification upon economic performance, the results are consistent with the propositions that (i) diversification encourages technical progress in industry and (ii) diversification increases the efficiency with which resources are allocated between industries.     

MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOUR AND A THEORY OF DIVERSIFICATION

This paper investigates the basis for a behavioural theory of diversification. A theory of diversification may be required (i) for full analysis of competitive processes, which include innovation and cross-entry competition, and (ii) to understand the selection of diversification projects in individual firms. Alternative optimising and non-optimising models are feasible. The choice between these alternatives will be considered after the non-optimising model has been developed.
Section I outlines the basic model and the general predictions which it generates. In section II the predictions are subjected to a coarse test, which is taken to justify further investigation of the model's properties. The model is developed more fully in section III.     

理解企业多元化经营的新视角:控股股东的影响

多元化经营在现实企业中普遍存在,这也吸引了大量研究探寻企业多元化经营的动机。已有文献主要关注企业本身多元化经营,忽略了控股股东因素,从而存在一定的认知偏差。不同于已有文献,基于手工搜集数据,本文首次考察了控股股东多元化经营与上市公司多元化经营之间的关系及其影响因素。研究发现,首先,控股股东多元化经营与上市公司多元化经营之间存在着一定的替代关系,说明控股股东将上市公司多元化经营作为其整体多元化经营战略的一部分;其次,从影响机制上看,控股股东持有上市公司的权益在其总资产中份额越高、其他大股东持股比例越高、上市公司所处地区市场化程度越高,控股股东多元化经营与上市公司多元化经营之间的替代关系会越弱,说明那些有助于减轻控股股东对上市公司进行干预的因素将会弱化这种关系。本文为理解企业多元化经营行为以及企业与其控股股东的关系提供了新的视角。     

事先财务和股权因素对我国制造业上市公司多元化决策的影响

我国制造业上市公司是否选择多元化受到事先财务和股权特征的影响。事先营运能力越弱,自由现金流量越少的企业越可能选择多元化,其对企业选择多元化概率的边际影响在5%~6%之间;第一大股东持股比例越高的企业越不可能选择多元化,其边际影响约在4%~7%之间。     

Firm productivity and agglomeration economies: evidence from Egyptian data

This paper attempts to shed the light on the nexus between firms’ productivity and economies of agglomeration in Egypt. Using a large dataset of firms in 342 firms’ four-digit activities in 27 regions (62,108 firms), we introduce three measures of agglomeration which are urbanization or firm diversification measured by the number of firms by governorate, localization and specialization measured by the average productivity by governorate and sector (generating externalities and knowledge spillovers) and finally competition measured by the number of firm operating in the same governorate and the same sector. We find strong evidence for the existence of agglomeration in Egypt after controlling for firm age, location, economic activity and legal status. In the Egyptian context, productivity spillovers gained from agglomeration measures outweighed the negative effects of competition implied by congestion. The latter is chiefly due to the lack of good infrastructure. When regressions are run by firm size, location and activity, our main findings show first that micro and small firms are more likely to benefit from localization and diversification compared to medium and large firms. Service firms benefit more from high level of diversification while manufacturing firms gain more benefits from knowledge spillovers and specialization in Egypt.     

Firm value and the diversification choice: international evidence from global and industrial diversification

Our study examines the nature of industrial and global diversification for a sample of more than 12?000 firms across 35 emerging and developed countries during the period 1991–2006. Consistent with previous studies, we find that industrial diversification, either alone or combined with global diversification, results in a reduction of firm excess value. Global diversification alone, however, does not exert a significant impact on excess value. In an analysis of the decision to diversify, we find that firms in civil law countries or less developed nations are more likely to diversify, suggesting the greater utility of internal capital markets in economies where it is difficult to raise external capital. We observe that high leverage, larger size, lower levels of growth, R&D, free cash flow, profitability and Tobin's q encourage firms to diversify industrially. Higher values of q, firm size, R&D expenditures, free cash flow and liquidity, but reduced growth rates and profitability are associated with global diversification.     

Diversified growth and competition: the experience of twelve large UK firms

This paper looks at the causes and competitive consequences enterprise diversification with reference to the experience of twelve large UK firms. It is noted although the majority of these firms diversified intially for defensive reasons, continuing diversification was often undertaken to enable the firm to maintain a satisfactory rate of earnings growth. In accordance with this goal, most of the twelve firms had acquired market leaders in diverse areas. A second conclusion therefore, is that diversification can add to the total market power available to the firm. The use of this power however, appears to depend upon the management philosophy and nature of resource allocation found within the firm.     

Diversification strategies and firm performance in Vietnam

This paper is based upon the assumption that a firm's profitability is determined by its degree of diversification which is, in turn, strongly related to the antecedent decision to carry out diversification activities. This calls for an empirical approach that permits the joint analysis of the three interrelated and consecutive stages of the overall diversification process: diversification decision, degree of diversification and outcome of diversification. We apply parametric and semi‐parametric approaches to control for sample selection and the endogeneity of the diversification decision in both static and dynamic models. For the analysis, we use the census dataset on the whole firm population in Vietnam, as a representative of transition countries. After controlling for industry fixed‐effects, the empirical evidence from the firm‐level data shows that diversification has a curvilinear effect on profitability: it improves firms’ profit up to a point, after which a further increase in diversification is associated with declining performance. This implies that firms should consider optimal levels of product diversification when they expand their product offerings beyond their core business. Other noteworthy findings include the following: (i) the factors that stimulate firms to diversify do not necessarily encourage them to extend their diversification strategy; (ii) firms that are endowed with highly technological resources and innovation investment are likely to successfully exploit diversification as an engine of growth; and (iii) while industry performance does not have a strong influence on the profitability of firms, it impacts their diversification decision as well as the degree of diversification.     

中国财产保险公司资本结构的影响因素

利用1998-2009年中国大陆地区财产保险公司的业务数据和财务数据,通过差分GMM方法实证研究中国财产保险公司资本结构的影响因素发现:中国财产保险公司的目标负债水平与公司规模、再保险利用、公司成熟度的关联显著为正,与利润波动性的关联显著为负,而与产品分散化、地理分散化、产品收支间隔期的关联不显著.