Fixprice analysis in productive economies

The paper compares the definitions of Fixprice Equilibrium for productive convex economies due to Drèze, Benassy, and Malinvaud-Younès. It turns out that Drèze's (resp., Malinvaud-Younès') notion is the strictest (resp. least strict) one. The three notions are, however, equivalent under smoothness and absence of intermediate goods. They are, in particular, equivalent for the familiar fixprice model with three goods (money, labor, and output) studied among others by Barro-Grossman, Benassy and Malinvaud.     

On the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in a Keynesian model

One of the central problems in macroeconomics is the comparison of the effectiveness of various monetary and fiscal policy measures for regulating output and employment. Opinions on this issue are quite varied. This paper analyses this controversy in the framework of a non-Walrasian model with price rigidities. It studies a monetary economy where money is the sole medium of exchange in the model ‘money buys goods and goods buy money; but goods do not buy goods’. The works of Benassy, Dreze, Malinvaud and Younes are utilised for constructing a model of Keynesian unemployment equilibrium.     

Backhouse and Boianovsky on “disequilibrium theory”. A review article of transforming modern macroeconomics. Exploring disequilibrium microfoundations, 1956–2003

Abstract

This article is an in-depth analysis of Backhouse and Boianovsky's book, Transforming Modern Macroeconomics: Exploring Disequilibrium Microfoundations, 1956–2003. I start with questioning Backhouse and Boianovsky's too broad understanding of the disequilibrium approach. Thereby they bring together theories that should be kept separate, those by Patinkin, Clower and Leijonhuvud on the one hand, and those by Barro and Grossman, Drèze and Benassy, on the other. I also substantiate my disagreement with their claim that an inner link exists between fixed price equilibrium theories and imperfect competition modelling. Finally, I put forward a few conjectures about the reason why fixed price modelling petered out.     

Micro-meso-macro

Building on the ontology of evolutionary realism recently proposed by Dopfer and Potts (forthcoming), we develop an analytical framework for evolutionary economics with a micro-meso-macro architecture. The motive for reconception is to make clear the highly complex and emergent nature of existence and change in economic evolution. For us, the central insight is that an economic system is a population of rules, a structure of rules, and a process of rules. The economic system is a rule-system contained in what we call the meso. From the evolutionary perspective, one cannot directly sum micro into macro. Instead, we conceive of an economic system as a set of meso units, where each meso consists of a rule and its population of actualizations. The proper analytical structure of evolutionary economics is in terms of micro-meso-macro. Micro refers to the individual carriers of rules and the systems they organize, and macro consists of the population structure of systems of meso. Micro structure is between the elements of the meso, and macro structure is between meso elements. The upshot is an ontologically coherent framework for analysis of economic evolution as change in the meso domain - in the form of what we call a meso trajectory - and a way of understanding the micro-processes and macro-consequences involved. We believe that the micro-meso-macro analytical framework can greatly enhance the focus, clarity, and, ultimately, power, of evolutionary economic theory.JEL Classification: B0, C0, D0, E0, O0, P0Kurt Dopfer, John Foster, Jason Potts: We acknowledge to those who have discussed these ideas with us at the Schumpeter Society Conference, Gainesville US 2002; ECG seminars, UQ Economics, Brisbane (also students of ECON7900); Doctoral seminars at University of St. Gallen 2002, 2003; Wartensee Workshops on Evolutionary Economics 2001, 2002, 2003; the MPI in Evolutionary Economics, Jena; SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton; and the Brisbane Club Workshop, Manchester 2002. Our many discussants have helped us see our way through the muddled (and sometimes seriously muddled) thinking that had happened along the way, and especially when it was our own. So the usual disclaimer shall apply, although perhaps with unusual force. Special thanks also to G. Blind and K. Morrison.Correspondence to: Jason PottsDare we suggest a new category in the JEL classification - (S0) Meso Economics: General.     

Topologies of social interactions

Summary. The paper extends the Brock-Durlauf social interactions model to richer social structures modelled with arbitrary interaction topologies and examines in detail the star, the wheel and the path. It explores Nash equilibria when agents act on the basis of expectations over, and, alternatively, actual knowledge their neighbors’ decisions. It links social interactions with econometrics of systems of simultaneous equations. The local dynamics near steady states combine spectral properties of the adjacency matrix and of the nonlinearities of reaction functions. For regular interaction topologies, adjustment exhibit relative persistence. Cyclical interaction is associated with endogenous spatial oscillations and islands of conformity.Received: 12 August 2004, Revised: 20 May 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: C35, C45, C00, D80.I am grateful to a referee and the editor for very insightful comments and suggestions, and to the National Science Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for generous research support. I thank Frank Alexander, Costas Azariadis, Kenneth J. Arrow, Jean-Pierre Aubin, Rob Axtell, Marcelo Bianconi, Larry Blume, Buz Brock, Marcelo Coca-Perraillon, Steven Durlauf, Glenn D. Ellison, Roland Fryer, Hans Haller, Anna Hardman, Alan Kirman, Alexandros Kyrtsis, Chuck Manski, Costas Meghir, Sharun Mukand, Lynne Pepall, Apostolis Philippopoulos, Danny T. Quah, Bertrand Roehner, Jose A. Scheinkman, Adriaan Soetevent, Dimitri Vayanos, Peyton Young, Gerard Weisbuch, Jeff Zabel and other participants in presentations of earlier versions at the joint Brookings and MacArthur Research Network on Social Interactions and Economic Inequality, the Athens University of Economics and Business, the University of Texas-Austin, ASSET 2001 in Rethymno, the Connectionist Complexity Workshop, Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, 2003, and the North American meeting of the Econometric Society, San Diego, CA., 2004.     

欧洲福利国家危机的政治经济学分析

20世纪70年代以来,福利国家的危机日益加剧,凯恩斯主义在欧洲各国不同程度地被新自由主义所取代.新自由主义从意识形态、全球化与竞争力、不平等、经济与社会政策、公共财政等方面对福利国家发起了攻击,其目的 不是取消福利国家,而是改变福利国家的内涵,使之服务于新自由主义,其核心利益关切点不再是社会大众,而是金融资本.在这一背...     

Exogeneity, causality, and co-breaking in economic policy analysis of a small econometric model of money in the UK

Since the objective of economic policy is to change target variables in the DGP, when economic policy analysis uses an econometric model, it is important that the model delivers reliable inferences about policy responses in the DGP. This requires that the model be congruent and encompassing, and hence exogeneity, causality, cointegration, co-breaking, and invariance all play major roles. We discuss these roles in linear cointegrated VARs, prior to illustrating their importance in a bivariate model of money and interest rates in the UK over the last century.Financial support from the UK Economic and Social Research Council under grant L116251015, and the EUI Research Council grantEconometric Modelling of Economic Time Series, is gratefully acknowledged. Early research for the paper was done whilst Mizon was Visiting Fellow in the Economics Program of the RSSS at ANU, where he benefited from the excellent research environment and discussions with Adrian Pagan. We are grateful to Hans-Martin Krolzig for helpful discussions on the topic. We also thank members of the Research Department, Norges Bank, Oslo, the particpants at theWorkshop on Money Demand in Europe, Humboldt University, October 1997, two referees, and the editors Helmut Lütkepohl and Jürgen Wolters for their valuable comments. The data may be obtained from the internet, http://wotan.wiwi.huberlin.de/oekonometric./engl/data.html     

Resource scarcity,technological progress,and stochastic growth

Will shortages of natural resources constrain economic growth? The answer seems yes, as the amount of natural resources on earth is finite. There can, however, be two excuses for this. First, the resource-saving technological progress might undo resource scarcity. Second, at the country level, countries can import resources from other countries. This paper revisits these two excuses. For technology, not all technological progress is resource-saving, and its arrival is unpredictable. For the import argument, at the global level, the world cannot make up for a shortage of natural resources by importing. Moreover, the amount of resources is difficult to forecast. To address these, I construct the open, stochastic two-sector endogenous growth model with exhaustible resources. I then analytically show that the answer is sensitive to the interaction between technology and resource shocks. In some cases, I find that higher resource uncertainty accelerates the expected growth and improves the welfare of agents.     

深圳市民周末休闲活动的空间结构

休闲是现代城市生活中与工作相提并论的一种生活方式。休闲活动在受到城市经济,社会因素影响的同时,也深刻地影响着城市的空间结构和形态。本文以深圳市民活动日志调查为基础,应用时间地理学方法,旨在寻找深圳市民周末休闲活动的空间特征以及居民休闲行为影响下的城市空间结构特征。本文提出了深圳市民周末休闲活动的四圈层二集中带的空间结构模式,同时分析在居民个人属性与休闲空间之间的相互关系。     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

From information society to biosociety? On societal waves, developing key technologies, and new professions

The article discusses the possible societal transition from information society toward biosociety. Furthermore, the impacts of this possible transition on professional and educational branches (PEBs) are examined. It is based on the study completed in Lahti Center at the Helsinki University of Technology between years 2001-2003. In the study, the most important developing key technologies were defined and their impacts on professions analysed through the application of Delphi technique. The developing key technology groups were information and communication technology, biotechnology, and material and nanotechnology. In addition, combinations of these technologies, that is, so-called fusion technologies, were also subjects for analysis. The first empirical aim was to analyse the plausibility and the timing of the so-called technological theses. The following technologies (technological theses) were deemed to be the most important ones: highly selective drugs, sensors, integrated technology, biomedical materials, photonic materials, 3G technology, intelligent materials, diagnostics, and virtual reality. The second empirical objective of the study was to analyze the professional and educational impacts of these technologies. Moreover, the article takes an experimental glance into the future through the creation and evaluation of “future professions”.     

我国经济增长的速度、结构、质量、效益相关性研究

本文运用1986—2003年的统计数据对我国经济增长速度、结构、质量、效益的相关性进行了分析。研究表明：在我国经济增长过程中，速度、结构、质量、效益四者的发展上有一定的相关性、但总体协调度不高。其中，速度不协调影响最大．质量其次，四者协调发展的关键在决于经济增长质量的提高和结构的优化、升级。     

多任务处理对员工创造力的双刃剑效应：成就导向与认知评估的作用

基于压力认知评估理论，探讨多任务处理对员工创造力影响的作用机制和边界条件。对341份配对问卷数据进行分析，结果表明成就导向调节多任务处理与认知评估间关系，即在高水平成就导向的影响下，多任务处理对挑战性评估的正向影响会增强，而多任务处理对威胁性评估的正向影响会削弱；挑战性评估正向影响员工创造力，而威胁性评估负向影响员工创造力；多任务处理与成就导向的交互作用通过挑战性评估和威胁性评估的中介作用对员工创造力产生不同影响。     

新发展格局构建下的高质量发展：社会再生产视角*

高质量发展是以满足人民美好生活需要为最终目的。当前，我国高质量发展进入了以国内大循环为主体，国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。需要是与满足需要的手段一同发展的，为此本文结合马克思需要理论与社会再生产理论，提出社会需要与满足社会需要的生产、分配、交换、消费四个环节协同发展是我国高质量发展的应有之义。同时，在厘清生产、分配、交换、消费的本质关系基础上，从社会再生产的四个环节提出实践路径。具体而言：应提高供给质量，增强供给效率，形成供给新动力；构筑合理的初次分配、公平的再分配，规范分配秩序；畅通供需匹配渠道，提升商业服务质量，推进贸易强国建设；树立理性消费观念，推动消费结构升级，营造良好消费环境；促进国内市场国际化、国内市场与国际市场高度融合,形成国际竞争新优势。     

Economics,Democracy, and the Distribution of Capital Ownership

This article holds that widespread, practical access to capital acquisition is essential for sustainable widespread economic prosperity and democracy. The founders of the U.S.A. agreed that sustainable democracy required widespread ownership of land to provide a viable earning capacity sufficient to support robust participation in democratic government. The importance of widespread land ownership to individual prosperity and sustainable democracy was supported not only by the prevailing philosophical views of property, it was also apparent to the common man and woman. Compared to Europe, America offered widespread access to land ownership, higher wages, better work conditions, cheaper staples and greater individual freedom, equal opportunity, prosperity, and political participation. This conviction that widespread access to ownership is a necessary condition for widespread prosperity and sustainable democracy continued throughout most of the nineteenth century, but today public discourse reveals virtually no trace of this once universally held opinion. This article suggests that the disappearance of this conviction can be traced to an erroneous view shaped by neoclassical economics and Keynesian economics. According to this view, (1) the disappearance of the American frontier and industrialization made the goal of widespread capital ownership either impractical or of little or no economic significance and (2) by way of technological advance, sufficient earning capacity and consumer demand to promote growth and sustain democracy can be achieved, without widespread ownership, primarily through jobs and welfare. Although differing in many respects, both mainstream schools, along with Adam Smith’s classical economics, share one common but unstated economic assumption: the broader distribution of capital acquisition (in itself) has no fundamental relationship to the fuller employment of people and capital, the broader distribution of greater individual earning capacity, and growth. Contemporary thinking, shaped by these economic schools, also tacitly assumes that widespread capital ownership is not essential for the sustainable individual earning capacity needed to support robust democracy. This erroneous “ownership-neutrality assumption” (1) contradicts both the views of America’s founders and the colonial experience, and (2) provides theoretical justification for structuring capital markets and capital acquisition transactions to unfairly and dysfunctionally favor existing owners at the expense of broader ownership distribution, more widely shared prosperity, greater efficiency, ecologically friendly growth, and a vital democracy. America’s conscientious founders would be shocked by the diminished importance of the distribution of ownership in the mainstream analysis of prices, efficiency, production, growth, and democracy. Rather than enhancing democracy, they would view the “ownership-neutrality assumption” of mainstream economics as contributing to its deterioration and corruption. They would openly search for economic analysis built on an alternate assumption more consistent with their understanding of the requisite conditions for sustainable democracy. This article advances an economic analysis that suspends the ownership-neutrality assumption, replaces it with a “broader-ownership-growth assumption,” and suggests a voluntary market strategy for substantially broadening capital ownership, enhancing individual earning capacity, and providing the widespread economic prosperity needed for robust democracy.     

Determinants of persistence in innovation: evidence from the case study of the ‘Eye Microsurgery’ Complex

This study aims at determining the major factors supporting innovative persistence based on an in-depth analysis of the internal organizational processes of the state-owned medical institution, ‘Eye Microsurgery’ Complex in Moscow. I propose a systemic approach to the study of innovation activities, which incorporates aspects of evolutionary economics, institutional analysis and dynamic capabilities theory. The study explicitly incorporates the changing external environment as a factor shaping innovation dynamics. The findings suggest that at the earliest stage of the firm's development, the interaction between the nature of the technology and the nature of the demand, the presence of prolific innovators and a certain organizational structure that supports learning, effective knowledge production and accumulation are determinant of persistence in innovation. In later periods, the availability of resources (material, financial, specialized human capital), external collaborations, specific production techniques, well-organized technological diffusion, and motivational factors are the elements providing the basis for innovative persistence. Leadership plays a crucial role in supporting innovation and organizational transformation.     

网络镶嵌激励创新驱动的知识与权力效应——来自256家在孵企业的实证

在知识经济与大数据智库联耦时代，我国正经历第四波“大众创业、万众创新”浪潮，深挖创新驱动的影响因素与过程效应，是培育打造高水平科研创新团队的重中之重。以我国高新技术企业科研团队为研究对象，基于知识螺旋与网络权力视角，针对我国16个省市高新技术制造领域的256家孵化企业开展实地考察和问卷调研，采用结构方程模型进行实证分析，检验网络镶嵌（关系镶嵌与结构镶嵌）—知识螺旋/网络权力—创新驱动的逻辑路径和影响机理。研究结果表明：网络镶嵌（关系镶嵌与结构镶嵌）显著正向影响创新驱动和知识螺旋；知识螺旋显著正向影响创新驱动，同时在网络镶嵌（关系镶嵌与结构镶嵌）对创新驱动的影响路径中发挥中介效应；网络权力正向调节知识螺旋的中介效应。     

子公司自主性、风险承担与企业创新投入

随着子公司发展与角色转变，子公司战略实施与组织结构变化会对组织响应产生影响。以2008—2019年我国A股民营子公司作为研究样本，探讨子公司自主性对民营企业创新投入的影响。结果发现：子公司自主性水平提高能够有效促进民营企业创新投入水平提升；风险承担能力在子公司自主性与创新投入间起中介作用；随着行业竞争水平提升，子公司自主性对创新投入的正向影响显著增强。进一步研究发现，CEO职业背景越丰富，子公司自主性对创新投入的正向影响越显著。研究结论厘清了子公司自主性的作用与边界，证明了子公司拥有自主权的优越性，可为母子公司双向治理实践提供经验证据，为民营企业创新投入决策提供理论参考，为民营企业积极创新提供新途径。     

平台到底是什么——基于分工与协调视角

以技术管理、战略管理、产业组织和生态系统为代表的研究视角,对平台本质的限制性理解直接导致学术界对平台到底是什么存在异议,将平台本质限制性理解为特定情境的平台功能是导致上述问题的根本原因。突破现有研究视角局限,引入分工与协调视角,对平台本质特征进行阐释是解决这个问题最好方案。在梳理平台本质特征的基础上,认为平台是一个以共享界面和接口为黏合剂的互补性自治主体进行分工与协调的元组织。通过解决平台本质研究中存在的争议与问题,揭示平台到底是什么,进而深化对平台的理解及在现实中的应用。     

颠覆性技术关注方向演化研究

关注颠覆性技术创新方向演变对于构建颠覆性技术“发现—遴选—培养”机制，挖掘重大颠覆性技术选题具有重要意义。利用三螺旋协同性测度模型量化政府、产业、学术界3类主体对颠覆性技术关注方向的协同程度，构建颠覆性技术行动者网络，利用社会网络分析法解析网络结构形式下政、产、学三方关注颠覆性技术创新的耦合方向，探究高度耦合技术方向的演化特点。最后，获得技术关注方向协同性、技术关注耦合方向特征、技术关注方向耦合时间时序特征、技术关注方向耦合机构特征、高度耦合技术方向演化特征5个方面的结论。