集群企业间知识转移策略——基于演化博弈理论的分析

基于演化博弈理论,构建了集群企业间知识转移的演化博弈模型,分析了集群企业间知识转移实现的动态过程和影响因素。研究结果显示:当企业从知识转移中获得的超额收益大于其支付成本时,最终会出现稳定的知识转移策略;通过增加差异化知识资源量、提高企业选择知识转移策略的概率、知识资源显性程度和企业间信任度,可促进博弈过程中更快实现知识转移。     

集群企业间知识转移策略——基于演化博弈理论的分析

基于演化博弈理论,构建了集群企业间知识转移的演化博弈模型,分析了集群企业间知识转移实现的动态过程和影响因素。研究结果显示:当企业从知识转移中获得的超额收益大于其支付成本时,最终会出现稳定的知识转移策略;通过增加差异化知识资源量、提高企业选择知识转移策略的概率、知识资源显性程度和企业间信任度,可促进博弈过程中更快实现知识转移。     

中国工程咨询企业技术合作创新行为演化博弈分析

结合中国工程咨询业的特征,利用演化博弈理论研究了中国工程咨询企业技术合作创新行为的动态演化过程,建立相应的博弈支付矩阵和复制动态方程,分析了工程咨询企业技术合作创新行为的演化路径及其影响因素。研究发现:合作创新成功概率、社会惩罚力度、知识泄露损失、科研人员努力程度的增大,或独自创新成功概率、知识窃取收益的减小,都会促进企业群体向选择坚持合作策略方向演化;合作双方约定的违约金能在一定程度上限制企业的机会主义行为,但是违约金并非越多越好。     

科研机构与企业合作创新动态演化分析

企业与科研机构合作创新是创新系统中的一个研究方向,以往用演化博弈模型对其进行研究,忽略了科研机构的行为选择。除了考虑企业的行为选择,还考虑了科研机构对自身科研成果的两种行为(隐瞒与不隐瞒),在此前提下进行演化博弈模型的构建,用matlab/simulink进行模拟仿真,得到3种不同情况下的演化稳定策略,并加以分析。     

国际外包中合作推动承包企业技术创新机制

讨论国际外包模式下承包企业与发包企业间的合作关系类型及特征,并探讨了推动承包企业技术创新的知识获取、知识共享、知识创造路径,对合作推动承包企业技术创新进行了博弈分析,进而提出与发包企业的长期战略合作是承包企业技术创新的间接动力;指出在承包企业与发包企业彼此博弈过程中,在满足一定条件的情况下,双方长期选择(合作,创新)策略是最优选择。     

演化博弈视角下创意产业集群企业创新竞合机制分析

产业集群中存在着大量的企业竞合行为,它是影响集群创新能力的关键要素。以创意产业集群为例,在阐释集群企业创新竞合机理的基础上,运用演化博弈理论的分析方法,构建了创意产业集群内企业创新战略竞合选择过程的演化博弈模型,并对策略的选择进行了演化动态稳定性分析,最后得出了竞合过程的演化结果主要受合作收益、合作成本以及采取合作创新策略成功的概率3个因素影响的结论。     

基于进化博弈论的产业创新网络中非核心企业演化机制研究

解密产业创新网络中非核心企业的生存之道,是诸多合作创新弱势群体的迫切需求。为此,基于进化博弈理论,构建出产业创新网络中非核心企业与核心企业之间的博弈模型,并借助 Vensim PLE软件对其进化过程进行仿真模拟,挖掘出产业创新网络中非核心企业演化路径。研究结果表明：①选择不同于彼此的创新策略,是产业创新网络中非核心企业与核心企业进化博弈的稳定策略;②各创新主体选择创新策略的初始概率,将直接决定产业创新网络进化博弈结果;③创新收益、创新成本及创新冲突收益损失的变动,会显著干扰非核心企业适应性创新策略的选择。     

物流地产供需双方的演化博弈模型

为了研究地产开发商和有物流需求的企业的合作行为,本文建立了一个物流地产供需双方演化博弈模型,讨论了不同初始状态、不同复制动态方程下的地产开发商和有较大物流需求的企业的演化博弈策略。通过分析不同策略下博弈双方的行为及收益,认为在博弈的演化过程中,各方应该考虑合作剩余收益、租金和物流地产的开发成本等因素,按照合作剩余收益最大化的原则,从长远角度考虑博弈双方的利益来制定双赢策略,从而促进物流地产业的可持续发展。     

制造业企业合作创新知识共享策略研究

合作创新是制造业企业整合资源、分担创新风险以及提升创新效率的一种有效形式，但其另一方面也加剧了核心知识泄露、核心竞争力丧失等风险。为探究制造业企业合作创新过程中的知识共享策略，基于制造业企业合作创新中的开放策略、半开放策略、不开放策略，构建制造业企业合作创新知识共享策略选择博弈模型，运用MATLAB软件，通过数值模拟演示不同决策参数变化对策略选择的影响。结果表明：在有限理性下，制造业企业会选择半开放策略，决策受企业自身知识泄露风险系数、知识成本、知识隐藏系数、合作伙伴知识吸收能力、违约金的影响。据此，提出相关建议。     

有限理性视角下基于价值结构的企业组织协同分析

在有限理性视角下,从价值结构角度研究了企业网络组织的协同效应。通过构建演化博弈模型分析得到企业合作态度的演化稳定策略。在此基础上建立两个企业合作的价值模型,描述了企业组织协同状态的特征,并分别在经典博弈和行为博弈情形下讨论了达成协同的条件。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.