劳动力市场分割条件下最低工资制度对就业的影响

最低工资标准对就业的影响是其经济效应最主要的方面之一。本文主要分析了我国劳动力市场分割产生的原因以及基于买方垄断市场情况下的最低工资对于就业的影响。     

环境规制对城镇二元劳动力就业的影响*——基于劳动力市场分割视角

城镇劳动力市场分割决定了环境规制对二元劳动力就业影响存在差异性。基于环境规制对城镇二元劳动力就业影响理论分析,本文首先利用1998—2014年30省份面板数据实证分析了环境规制对城镇二元劳动力就业影响的差异性,进一步采用面板门限模型,考察了环境规制对城镇农民工就业影响的劳动力市场分割门槛效应。研究发现：（1）环境规制对城镇农民工就业负面冲击大于对城镇本地劳动力就业冲击;（2）环境规制对农民工城镇就业存在显著的劳动力市场分割门槛效应,当劳动力市场分割程度高于2002时,环境规制对农民工城镇就业抑制效应为-0116;当劳动力市场分割介于1199到2002之间时,抑制效应较大程度下降,为-0042;而当劳动力市场分割程度小于1199时,抑制效应转变为正向促进效应,为0106。未来应继续深化户籍制度改革,打破劳动力市场分割,加强技能培训,提高人力资本积累,降低环境规制对农民工城镇就业抑制效应,进一步提高城镇化水平,有效发挥城镇化经济增长效应。     

论农民工进城对市民就业的影响

我国劳动力市场呈多重分割局面。农民工与市民之间存在互补性和替代性两种就业关系。农民工对在城市一类劳动力市场就业的市民没有直接影响,但存在间接影响;对在二类劳动力市场就业的市民产生替代效应和规模效应,总体影响具有不确定性。农民工会对城市劳动者的就业观念和就业行为产生积极影响。     

劳动力供给、地域选择与政策含义——基于大学生行为的实证分析

就业地域选择是影响大学生就业难易程度的重要因素。本文基于劳动力市场分割的视角,分析了三种劳动力市场分割模式对大学生就业地域选择的影响与制约。通过构建劳动力市场分割的Logistic模型,利用2011年东北地区14所高校毕业生的抽样调查数据,得出性别、专业、生源地和学历等因素对大学生就业地域的选择具有显著影响。在实证分析的基础上,本文提出了灵活引导大学生就业地域选择、完善补偿机制和缩小城乡差距等对策建议。     

户籍制度与劳动力市场保护

劳动力市场城乡间分割 ,在改革之前是政府推行重工业优先发展战略的需要 ,在改革以来则是受到城市利益集团的影响而得以维持。本文利用计划迁移数量决定的计量分析 ,以及北京市就业保护政策的演变实例检验了上述假说。由此得出的结论是 ,户籍制度是劳动力市场上就业保护的制度基础 ,其改革有赖于一系列配套改革的完成。     

论我国劳动力市场分割

我国劳动力市场处于一种多元分割状态,城乡之间、城市内部、农村内部都没有统一的劳动力市场,城市内有头等和次等劳动力市场,农村中有农业和非农业劳动力市场,其中尤以城乡分割最为严格.在二元结构下.以户籍管理制度为基础的一系列正式制度安排,使劳动力市场分割有了制度基础,它非正式制度相呼应,形成了我国劳动力市场分割的特殊形态.本文从综合角度研究了我国劳动力市场分割现状并对其原因进行了探讨.     

次级劳动力市场视阈下的中国就业问题研究

中国劳动力市场分割除了传统的城乡分割外,还呈现出新的特点,即一级劳动力市场与次级劳动力市场的分割。与西方传统的劳动力市场分割的情况不同,中国的一级、次级劳动力市场分割有着自己的特点,特别是作为整个劳动力市场就业核心的次级劳动力市场,更呈现出新的变化。研究中国劳动力市场分割,特别是次级劳动力市场的就业状况以及一级、次级劳动力市场之间的流动性研究,对于构建和谐统一的劳动力市场意义重大。     

最低工资标准的就业效应研究--基于30个省际面板数据的实证分析

通过构建一个由最低工资标准等因素共同决定的劳动力就业函数,从理论层面分析最低工资标准提升等因素对城镇劳动力就业的影响。同时基于中国2004_2011年的省际面板数据,引入技术进步、城镇化、老年抚养比等指标,运用面板分位数回归方法进行实证分析。综合比较来看：现阶段最低工资标准提升与城镇劳动力就业呈显著正相关关系,而技术进步对城镇劳动力就业的影响不能一概而论,具有不确定性。其他控制变量如城镇化发展有利于提高城镇劳动力就业,而老年抚养比、对外开放度的提高却与城镇劳动力就业呈负相关关系。其对策含义为：要充分考虑相关因素对劳动力就业的冲击,理清不同地区、不同企业类型以及不同性别可能存在的有差异的劳动力就业效应,主张通过就业政策和劳动力市场制度的进一步完善,实现劳动力更加充分的就业。     

灵活就业与劳动力市场分割的关系研究

劳动力市场的分割对灵活就业的产生和发展有重要影响,既催生了大量灵活就业,又阻碍了灵活就业的进一步规范化发展。为促进灵活就业的发展,需要在就业制度、户籍制度和劳动力市场建设等方面进行制度创新,以促使灵活就业发展模式在我国规范发展。     

西方劳动力市场分割理论及其启示

分割理论强调劳动力市场的分割属性 ,强调制度和社会性因素对劳动报酬和就业的重要影响 ,因而具有较强的现实解释能力。文章就分割理论的产生及其基本观点、劳动力市场产生分割的原因、分割理论对我国劳动市场建设的启示等几个方面展开讨论     

不完全劳动市场、政府干预与失业率

本文针对我国不完全的劳动市场,建立了一个短视一搜寻模型,目的是要说明,第一,虽然政府直接干预下的就业率高于无政府干预的劳动市场的均衡就业率,但是后者的社会总福利水平高于前者,而且,无政府干预情形下失业者的福利水平不会低于政府干预时在低工资岗位上的就业者的福利水平.这说明政府直接干预劳动市场虽然有可能降低失业率,但可能导致整个社会福利损失,也不利于提高低收入人群的福利水平.第二,我国现行的社会保障制度、户籍制度以及地方保护政策妨碍城乡劳动力自由流动,造成城市居民一般占据了工资较高的岗位,农村居民一般只能找到工资较低的岗位.这种匹配过程达到的劳动市场均衡,虽然有可能最大限度降低城镇失业率,但不是使得全国总失业率最低的均衡.     

The labor market impact of immigration in Western Germany in the 1990s

In this article we estimate the wage and employment effects of recent immigration in Western Germany. Using administrative data for the period 1987-2001 and a labor-market equilibrium model, we find that the substantial immigration of the 1990s had very little adverse effects on native wages and on their employment levels. Instead, it had a sizeable adverse employment effect on previous immigrants as well as a small adverse effect on their wages. These asymmetric results are partly driven by a higher degree of substitution between old and new immigrants in the labor market and in part by the rigidity of wages in less than flexible labor markets. In a simple counter-factual experiment we show that in a world of perfect wage flexibility and no unemployment insurance the wage-bill loss of old immigrants would be much smaller.     

THE SHORT‐RUN EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF RECENT MINIMUM WAGE CHANGES: EVIDENCE FROM THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY

This paper presents early evidence on the employment effects of state minimum wage increases enacted between January 2013 and January 2015. As of 2015, we estimate that relatively large minimum wage increases (defined as those exceeding $1) reduced employment among low‐skilled population groups by just over 1 percentage point. Smaller minimum wage increases, as well as increases linked to inflation indexation provisions, appear to have had much smaller (and possibly positive) effects on employment over our sample period. The estimates thus raise the potential importance of nonlinearities in the minimum wage's effects, which are consistent with standard models of the labor market. (JEL H11, J08, J23)     

Capital tax,minimum wage,and labor market outcomes

Often an increase in the minimum wage is accompanied by a reduction in the capital tax. This paper analyzes the effects of interactions between the minimum wage and the capital tax in the general equilibrium framework. The analysis is conducted in an inter-temporal search model in which firms post wages. A (binding) minimum wage provides a lower support for the distribution of wages. The paper finds that the interaction of these two policy instruments significantly modify labor market outcomes and welfare cost. In the presence of a binding minimum wage, a decrease in the capital tax leads to an increase in wage dispersion. In contrast, when it is not binding, a lower capital tax may reduce the dispersion in wages. A binding minimum wage magnifies the positive effects of a lower capital tax on labor supply, employment, and output. It also enhances the welfare cost of capital tax. A policy change which involves an increase in the minimum wage and a fall in the capital tax such that employment level remains constant increases welfare and output.     

INTERNATIONAL WELFARE AND EMPLOYMENT LINKAGES ARISING FROM MINIMUM WAGES*

We formulate a two‐country model with monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms to reconsider labor market linkages in open economies. Labor market imperfections arise by virtue of country‐specific real minimum wages. Abstracting from selection of just the best firms into export status, standard effects on marginal and average firm productivity are reversed in our model, yet there are significant gains from trade arising from employment expansion. In addition, we show that with firm heterogeneity an increase in one country’s minimum wage triggers firm exit in both countries and thus harms workers at home and abroad.     

Child labor and the minimum wage: Evidence from India

This study examines how changes in the minimum wage affect child labor in India. The analysis uses repeated cross sections of India's NSSO employment data from 1983 to 2008 merged with data on state-level minimum wage rates. Theoretically, the impact of the minimum wage on child work could go either way, so empirical evidence from a country with high rates of child labor and a myriad of minimum wage laws across states and industries helps to lessen the ambiguity. Results indicate that regardless of gender, in urban areas, a higher minimum wage reduces child labor in household work. In rural areas a similar result applies for girls while household labor does rise for boys. The minimum wage has virtually no impact on child work outside of the home across urban and rural areas.     

Labor Market Regimes,Family Policies,and Women's Behavior in the EU

Using the EU-SILC database (2005–06) for twenty-four European countries, this article develops a comparative perspective on labor market situations of women and mothers with very young children in relation to labor market institutions and policies (especially childcare and leave schemes). Using multilevel multinomial logit models, our results show firstly the heterogeneity of national arrangements of women's labor market integration in Europe (including among new member states). Secondly, our results show the links between some national policy variables and women's behavior, despite the fact that individual factors explain labor market situations the most. Women's employment is positively related to formal childcare and to characteristics of national labor market regimes. The use of informal childcare is associated with lower women's employment rates, which might be explained by a substitution effect. The employment rate of mothers with very young children is positively related to public childcare and negatively to parental leave.     

金融发展对城市化的影响分析—基于省际面板数据的分析

对我国城市化发展水平缓慢的解释主要来自人口流动以及产业和城市经济发展方面,但是,目前我国的城市化水平提高明显受制于城市最佳人口规模的扩大,即城市的容纳能力。通过对31个省（直辖市、自治区）2000-2006年共计7年的数据进行面板分析的结果表明,金融业发展水平对城市化水平有很显著的促进作用。金融业发展水平的不足将抑制企业创造就业的能力和城市基础设施建设进度,进而减缓了城市化步伐。为促进我国城市化水平的提高,应加强对劳动密集型行业和中小企业的金融扶持;加大城市公共支出方面的金融创新力度以及完善我国金融法律体系。     

Informal employment relationships and the labor market: Is there segmentation in Ukraine?

One of the most important factors that determine individuals’ quality of life and wellbeing is their position in the labor market and the type of jobs that they hold. When workers are rationed out of the formal segment of the labor market against their will, i.e., the labor market is segmented, their quality of life is limited, and their wellbeing is reduced. When they can freely choose between a formal or informal employment relationship, i.e., the labor market is integrated, their wellbeing can reach high levels even in the presence of informal employment. We, therefore, test whether the Ukrainian labor market is segmented along the formal-informal divide, slicing the data by gender and age. The analysis that we perform consist in the analysis of short-term and medium-term transitions between five employment states, unemployment and inactivity. We also analyze wage gaps of mean hourly earnings and across the entire hourly earnings distribution, controlling for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity. According to our results segmentation is present for dependent employees: for a large part of informal employees informal employment is used as a waiting stage to enter formal salaried employment and is not voluntarily chosen. As far as self-employment is concerned the evidence is mixed regarding segmentation in the Ukrainian labor market. This heterogeneity in outcomes implies that not all informal work is associated with a low quality of life and reduced wellbeing in post-transition economies.     

家庭结构对青年群体劳动参与率的影响

家庭结构对青年群体劳动参与率有影响。基于CGSS2008数据,通过Probit和IV Probit模型实证分析发现:从总体看,多代同堂的家庭结构对青年群体的劳动参与产生抑制作用,而男性青年的就业参与受家庭结构的影响程度却高于女性青年劳动参与的影响程度;从户籍看,农村青年的就业参与受家庭结构的影响程度高于城市青年劳动参与的影响程度。重视青年群体的家庭特征差异,配套实行就业促进措施,是我国政府解决青年群体就业难的着力点。