城镇居民区域收入流动、税收负担及收入分配动态均衡

文章基于持久收入假说和盖尔顿收入均值模型,梳理税收对收入流动性的影响机理,利用动态面板系统GMM和面板有序Logistic回归模型,分析多维收入流动性与税收政策之间的联动作用机制.研究发现:(1)税收负担是影响城镇居民绝对和相对收入流动的主要原因之一,但其作用程度受到各地区家庭人口结构的影响.地区平均家庭就业人口少于2人时,减税政策能够增加地区绝对收入的流动性,但降低了地区收入位次向上移动的概率,这一结果与家庭就业人口为2人及以上的地区相反.(2)个人所得税费用扣除标准占家庭人均月收入的比重高的地区,其绝对收入的流动性和收入位次向上移动的概率均低于其他省份.(3)历年个人所得税改革对提高绝对收入流动性的正向效应较为显著.此外,劳动力受教育年限、收入来源结构、产业结构及城市化程度等因素对收入流动性的影响也呈现出阶段性和异质性.这意味着税收制度设置应凸显家庭及地区的特征因素,注重横向和纵向公平课税原则,促进居民收入区域间的流动,降低收入固化程度,实现收入分配的动态均衡.     

税收对我国城乡居民收入的再分配效应研究

合理的税制可以起到公平收入分配的作用.因消费结构及规模的差异,城乡居民所负担的税收也会有所差异.本文结合《中国城市(镇)生活与价格年鉴》和《中国住户调查年鉴》的统计数据,分别计算主要税种对城镇居民和农村居民的再分配效应.研究发现,我国税收对农村和城镇居民收入均具有逆向调节作用,在农村地区逆向调节作用更明显,但城乡的逆向调节程度都在逐渐弱化.鉴于税收对城镇与农村的再分配效应差异,我国应该进一步调整现行税制结构,完善收入监控机制,优化税收优惠政策的调节方向和力度.     

政企分配关系视角下企业税收负担的国际比较与启示

政府参与企业收入分配的主要形式是税收,企业利润税收负担率是反映这种分配关系的重要指标。近几年来,世界各国的企业利润税收负担率总体呈现下降态势,不同类型国家呈现经济越发达,企业利润税收负担率越低的总体特征,但不同收入水平国家之间差异较大,企业适用的最高边际税率对企业利润负担率的影响显著。从国际比较来看,中国企业利润税收负担率一直偏高,需要理顺政府与企业分配关系,实行实质性减税政策。     

税收与税源背离的情况及其对区域协调发展的不利影响

当前我国存在着地区间税收与税源背离的现象,总体上呈现出税收收入从欠发达地区转移到发达地区的特征。不同税种的税收与税源背离程度有所差异,所得税收入与税源的背离度最高。税收与税源背离扩大了地区间的财力差距和公共服务差距,还容易诱发地方政府间无序的税收竞争,不利于区域协调发展目标的实现。     

城镇居民间接税负担的演变

本文研究了进入新世纪以来,税收收入高速增长对于城镇不同收入家庭间接税负担的影响.收入越高的家庭负担的间接税越多,但是税收占收入的比例却是低收入家庭的比例大于高收入家庭的比例,间接税是累退的.从2000年到2005年,所有家庭的税收负担比例都增加了,税收累退的程度没有变化.通过把税收负担变化分为税收征管和经济结构引起的实际税率变化和家庭消费结构变化两部分,本文发现实际税率提高是近年来所有家庭税收负担增加的主要原因.     

间接税归宿对城乡居民收入分配影响研究

使用全国城乡家庭消费和收入微观数据考察间接税对于城乡收入差距和收入分配的影响发现:平均来看,全国居民负担的税收占收入的比例是10.6%;不论在全国范围来看还是分别在城乡内部来看,间接税负担都呈现累退:低收入的负担率高于高收入的负担率。在城乡之间,城镇居民的税收负担率高于农村居民的税收负担率。间接税增加了城乡内部不平等,降低了城乡之间的不平等。间接税主要对低收入群体影响较大,略微恶化了整体收入不平等。     

新型城镇化发展的时空差异及协调度分析

新型城镇发展的“新”主要在于“人”的城镇化,新型城镇化的核心价值是“以人为本”.本文通过耦合协调模型分析了我国不同区域新型城镇化发展水平的对空变化和协调程度.研究表明,我国各地区2003—2013年新型城镇化发展水平均呈现逐年上升的趋势,但区域差异较大.新型城镇化发展水平在空间分布上存在显著的正向空间自相关,整体上呈现东高西低的分布格局;各子系统的耦合协调度呈现不断上升的趋势,协调度较高的地区主要集中在东部沿海.因此,各地区应该通过体制机制改革和政策调整,促进城乡各方面的协调发展,进而提高新型城镇化发展水平.     

间接税归宿对城乡居民收入分配影响研究

使用全国城乡家庭消费和收入微观数据考察间接税对于城乡收入差距和收入分配的影响发现:平均来看,全国居民负担的税收占收入的比例是10.6%;不论在全国范围来看还是分别在城乡内部来看,间接税负担都呈现累退:低收入的负担率高于高收入的负担率。在城乡之间,城镇居民的税收负担率高于农村居民的税收负担率。间接税增加了城乡内部不平等,降低了城乡之间的不平等。间接税主要对低收入群体影响较大,略微恶化了整体收入不平等。     

谨慎原则对税收的启示

虽然谨慎原则是会计核算必须遵循的基本原则之一,然而它也给税收以诸多启示：其一,税收负担合理水平的确定不能税离国情,我国税收负担水平较发达国家和发展中国家平均水平低是客观事实,但中国国情有其特殊性,如我国是一个农业大国,在我国的ＧＤＰ中存在着相当大的无税产值等,所以,在确定我国宏观税收负提水平时应从情出发;其二,应税收入的确认不宜按权丽发生制,因为按权丽发生制会导致用资本金垫支税款情况发生,对企业生     

黄河流域绿色金融与经济高质量发展耦合协调时空特征及驱动因素

基于2010—2020年黄河流域沿线36个地级及以上城市样本数据,利用博弈论组合赋权法、耦合协调度模型、核密度估计、空间相关性分析、地理加权回归等方法,探讨黄河流域绿色金融发展水平与经济高质量发展水平的耦合协调时空格局、演变趋势及其驱动因素。研究发现：(1)2010—2020年,黄河流域绿色金融发展水平与经济高质量发展水平耦合协调由濒临失调阶段上升为勉强协调阶段,空间分布从高到低依次是下游地区、上游地区、中游地区,各城市耦合协调度空间差异呈现扩大态势。(2)空间相关性分析表明,两者耦合协调度在空间上关联特征不强,空间外溢效应较弱。耦合协调度“高—高”集聚区主要集中于黄河流域下游地区,“高—低”集聚区主要位于黄河流域中游地区,“低—低”集聚区主要位于黄河流域上游地区。(3)绿色技术创新对下游地区耦合协调度驱动作用较大,政府环境治理能力对黄河流域上游地区耦合协调度驱动作用较大,人力资本水平对黄河流域中游地区耦合协调度驱动作用较大。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988–2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988–1990 period and the 1991–2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.