排污权交易机制对污染治理产业化的作用

基于产权理论和最优决策理论,研究了排污权交易的内生机制及其对污染治理产业化的作用。结果表明:排污权交易是企业追求整体效益最大化的策略选择;当排污权交易价格大于企业单位治污成本时,企业在完成减排目标的情况下就会出售或购买排污权;当政府减排指标只影响治污系统成本时,企业将依赖技术进步或通过获得剩余排污权来降低治污成本;企业选择自行治污策略不利于污染治理产业化。     

"中医汤剂"清洁府南河

府南河中的污染物多达十余种,而且各段的污染物构成和污染程度均不相同。针对河水治污面临的这一难题,3月1日,成都对府南河展开“中医疗法”,逐段对症治污。4日上午,在一环路内的西郊河、饮马河上,十余名工作人员摇着船,将一种白色液体注入河中。“我们根据不同河段的水面和水量来投放微生物处理液。”承担治污工作的成都海发公司环保工程师蒲林笑着说,“这就像中医治病一样,对症下药”。笔者看到每隔一段距离,饮马河的河水便呈现出不同的颜色,有的是浑浊的黄色,有的是黑乎乎的油污,“这就是由不同的污染物造成的”。工作人员解释道。十多天…     

污染课税问题初探

本文通过理论分析和比较研究认为,在政府所能采用的政策措施当中,征收污染税最富于效率。而要实现污染税的治污效果,关键在于污染税的税基选择和税率确定,以及课征污染税要与鼓励废物利用的税收支出同时并用。     

排污权交易应用于农业面源污染研究

农业面源污染正在成为全球水污染的主要因素，对其进行有效控制直接关系到全球农业和社会的可持续发展。本文首先阐述了农业面源污染的来源、特点及危害，并对控制农业面源污染常用的税费、补贴、押金——退款等经济手段进行了分析。通过深入探讨排污权交易应用于农业面源污染的可行性和操作办法，得出点源与农业面源的排污权交易能够减少工业和农业的治污成本，实现社会收益最大化；农业面源之间的排污权交易能够增强农民技术革新的积极性，减少化肥农药的用量，保证农业可持续发展的结论。     

我国企业财务管理目标的理性选择

企业财务管理目标在现代企业管理系统中具有极其重要的地位,通过引导企业财务活动,优化企业的资源配置来实现企业的终极目标。因此,在经济、知识、信息、资本、人才全球化、一体化的进程中,如何理性地选择既适合于我国当前国情的财务管理目标,又能指导企业可持续发展并逐步增进国际间协调的财务管理目标具有一定的现实意义。文章对目前各种财务管理目标进行了多角度的比较分析,并在此基础上结合我国实际,提出了相关者加权利益最大化的财务管理目标,是我国财务管理目标的最佳选择的观点。     

典型环境政策的经济分析及中国的政策选择

在对实现政府环境目标的三种典型环境政策－直接管制、排污收费和排污权交易制度进行比较分析的基础上,论证了排污权交易制度这一新型环境经济政策的优越性,并指出其在我国实施的现实意义及应采取的具体步骤。     

我国水污染物排放权有偿使用和交易政策框架

水污染物排放权有偿使用和交易政策是以环境经济学原理为基础,以市场为手段进行污染物总量控制的有效管理方式.有偿使用通过构建合理的价格形成机制,在无偿指标分配基础上利用市场手段优化区域流域水污染物总量指标配置,能在排污收费政策的基础上增加治污资金筹集渠道;交易则能在一定程度上提高点源污染治理效率,有效弥补命令控制型管理政策的不足,创新污染防治模式.     

消费生态环境保护的财税政策

本研究从消费生态环境与可持续发展的关系界定入手 ,对运用财税手段保护中国消费生态环境的必要性作一般分析 ;在具体的税收和财税政策工具选择上 ,提出了设置环境消费税 ,实施治污税收抵免和环境损害责任保险 ,并在此基础上对比分析了环境消费税与直接管制措施和补贴政策等的优劣 ;最后对运用财税政策手段保护中国消费生态环境过程中应注意的问题提出了看法。     

基于灰色关联分析的区域主导产业选择研究

在综合分析评价各种区域主导产业选择的相关研究成果的基础上,根据赫希曼的主导产业关联度标准,采用关联分析中的灰色关联分析法,以各层次产业对目标产业的贡献关联程度为基础,综合确定区域主导产业,并通过具体实证研究验证所用方法的科学性和可操作性。     

基于区位分析和诱增流量吸引的停车需求预测模型研究

静态交通需求与城市停车供应状况直接决定了城市交通秩序和拥挤程度，以往的各种停车预测模型多以建筑规模来求得静态交通需求，文章通过大量的调查数据分析得出静态交通需求与土地利用区位、与周边交通流量状况密切相关，并在总结分析的基础上提出了基于土地利用分析和流量吸引的组合停车需求预测模型。     

Predicting housing prices according to expected future interest rate

In this article, I present a theoretical model for predicting future housing prices as a function of the expected future interest rate, housing depreciation and rent rate. Focusing on the notion of arbitrage, where the returns on investing in housing is equal to the return on bonds, I forecast housing prices in the US as a function of the expected future interest rate on corporate bonds graded at categories AAA or AA. I get that a change in the expected future bond yield will lead to a change in future housing prices.     

A reinterpretation of the traditional income–leisure model,with application to in-kind subsidy programs

The traditional income–leisure model treats income as a composite commodity; it is not appropriate for studying commodity subsidies which alter relative prices within the composite. I suggest reinterpreting the traditional model as a special case of a utility function weakly separable with respect to leisure and all other commodities. This interpretation allows the work incentive effects of any subsidy program to be inferred from the terms of the program and data on the work effort effects of any other subsidy program, most notably income maintenance experiments. I illustrate the approach by estimating the work incentive effects of public housing. The model implies that even if special complementaries between leisure or work and the subsidized good are neglected, in-kind transfers will have different work incentive effects than equivalent cash transfers. In practice, in-kind transfers will generally stimulate work effort vis-à-vis equivalent cash grants.     

The welfare economics of a health plan merger

Recently, two large health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in Minneapolis merged to form a single company with over half of the total Twin Cities HMO enrollment. This paper strongly suggests that the merger will have adverse consequences for consumers. I use a model of health plan rivalry and empirical demand functions to predict that health insurance premiums in 6 Twin Cities firms will rise by as much as 19 percent after the merger. Next, I show how to calculate the loss in consumer surplus in a discrete choice model and predict that the merger will reduce surplus by 4.4% on average. Several objections to these conclusions are considered but, on the whole, the analysis raises serious concerns for public policy toward HMO mergers.     

Labour Market Regulations and the Sectoral Reallocation of Workers: The Case of Trade Reforms

In this paper I highlight the importance of incorporating the institutional features of local labour markets into the analysis of trade reforms. A trade reform is often deemed beneficial because the elimination of trade barriers allows labour to reallocate towards those sectors in the economy in which the country has a comparative advantage. The amount and speed of the reallocation, however, and the post-reform behaviour of output, productivity and welfare, will depend on how regulated the labour market is. First, I document that high firing costs slow down the intersectoral reallocation of labour after a trade reform. Second, in order to isolate the effect of firing costs on labour reallocation, output and welfare after a trade reform, I build a dynamic general equilibrium model. I find that if a country does not liberalize its labour market at the outset of its trade reform, the intersectoral reallocation of workers will be 30% slower, and as much as 30% of the gains in real output and labour productivity in the years following the trade reform will be lost. From a policy standpoint, the message is that while trade reforms are desirable, they need to be complemented by labour market reforms in order to be fully successful.     

Assessing the evidence on neighborhood effects from Moving to Opportunity

The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiment randomly assigned housing vouchers that could be used in low-poverty neighborhoods. Consistent with the literature, I find that receiving an MTO voucher had no effect on outcomes like earnings, employment, and test scores. However, after studying the assumptions identifying neighborhood effects with MTO data, this paper reaches a very different interpretation of these results than found in the literature. I first specify a model in which the absence of effects from the MTO program implies an absence of neighborhood effects. I present theory and evidence against two key assumptions of this model: that poverty is the only determinant of neighborhood quality and that outcomes only change across one threshold of neighborhood quality. I then show that in a more realistic model of neighborhood effects that relaxes these assumptions, the absence of effects from the MTO program is perfectly compatible with the presence of neighborhood effects. This analysis illustrates why the implicit identification strategies used in the literature on MTO can be misleading.     

Do institutions for collective action evolve?

In this paper I will provide an overview of our findings from studying irrigation systems in the field so that readers who are not familiar with our prior research gain at least an initial sense of these findings. I will provide a second short overview —this time of the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework offering a general method for doing institutional analysis. I will then introduce the possibility of looking at the change of rules as an evolutionary process. The method for studying the evolution of rules will be based on the IAD framework and on our long-term study of rules related to irrigation systems. In the conclusion, I return to the question as to why it is important to authorize resource users’ relative autonomy in the development of their own rules and to learn from the resulting institutional diversity.     

Land inequality and the transition to modern growth

Can the initial distribution of land, in a country's early history, affect its subsequent economic development? In this paper, I show that when land ownership is sufficiently concentrated, the landed elite will lobby the government to raise barriers to industrialization in order to protect its rents in the rural economy. I develop a small open economy model in which barriers take the form of tariffs on the imports of intermediate inputs used in industry. Such tariffs can affect both the timing and the pace of industrialization. The quantitative application of the theory is motivated by an important question in economic history: why did Argentina not replicate Canadian economic success, despite reasonable expectations to the contrary in the late 19th century? I provide evidence that Argentina had a markedly higher inequality in land ownership than Canada. Taking as given the observed differences in land distributions in the early 20th century, the model produces differences in equilibrium tariffs similar to the ones observed at the time, and the ones required to account for the Canadian–Argentine income gap until 1950. Over time however, as land becomes unimportant in production, land inequality ceases to be a source of policy disparities and income gaps.     

Estimating Multiple-Discrete Choice Models: An Application to Computerization Returns

Buyers in many markets face multiple-discrete choices: they can purchase multiple-units as well as multiple-brands at the same time. This paper presents a multiple-discrete choice model for the analysis of differentiated products demand. Users maximize profits by choosing the number of units of each brand they purchase. I estimate the model using micro-level data on the demand for personal computers. I use the estimated demand structure to assess the welfare gains from computerization and technological innovation in peripherals. The estimated return on investment in personal computers is 92%. Moreover, a 10% increase in the performance-to-price ratio of microprocessors leads to a 2·2% gain in the estimated user surplus.     

The early reactions to Value and capital: critics,critiques and correspondence in comparative perspective

The reception of Hick's Value and capitalis not as well documented as other important economics books of that period. In this article I shall analysis the main reviews of Value and capitalwith special emphasis on the critial reviews. Reference will be made to Hick's unpublished correspondence with Hawtrey, Kaldor and Robertson. Finally a consideration of the important issues of communicabilityand relevance will be undertaken.     

自恋型管理者特质对企业战略和绩效的影响浅探

本文探讨了企业战略领导者的自恋特质,从概念的起源及演进开始,通过与相关概念的对比理清这一早期心理学和临床研究中独特的性格特征,并探讨其在组织领域研究的新拓展,考察战略领导者自恋特质对企业战略选择和绩效的影响,从三个层面系统加以阐释,即自恋特质影响领导者战略选择的内在机理、具体选择行为的剖析及战略选择的绩效表现。在此基础上进一步提炼该领域内可能的研究框架,并规划未来研究的方向,以期对相关研究予以启示。