QFII持股与企业绿色技术创新

企业如何走好新型工业化绿色创新发展道路已成为重要的现实问题。由于绿色技术创新过程中存在资金供求双方信息不对称和代理问题,发展合格境外机构投资者(QFII)成为重要选择。本文基于我国A股2010—2020年上市公司的相关数据研究QFII持股对企业绿色技术创新的影响路径与作用机制。研究结果表明：QFII持股对企业绿色技术创新存在正向驱动效应,且QFII持股通过增强社会责任感、提高环保投资效率两条路径显著提升企业绿色技术创新水平。约束型与激励型环境规制均可在QFII持股与绿色技术创新之间产生正向调节效应。本文为提升我国企业绿色技术创新能力开拓了新的激励机制,同时为我国QFII制度改革与企业提高创新绩效提供一定的理论和经验依据。     

新时期新国企的新改革思路*——国有企业分类改革的逻辑、路径与实施

社会主义市场经济体制的性质决定了国有经济与民营经济不应是相互排斥的,而是可以共同发展的,关键是确认它们在各自适宜发展的领域发挥作用。本文从产品性质及行业特性两个维度来客观制定功能导向的分类方法,以此来对不同类型的国有企业选择不同的改革模式。即提供公共产品的国有企业宜选择国有国营模式,垄断性国有企业宜选择国有国控模式,竞争性国有企业一部分宜进行产权多元化的股份制改造,一部分宜实行民营化。在分类改革原则下推进国有企业的混合所有制改革,在公共产品领域推进“长期导向”下的混合,在自然垄断领域推进“控制权导向”下的混合,在竞争性领域推进“流动性导向”下的混合,同时构建与国企分类改革战略相适应的国有资产监管体制。在利益相关者合作逻辑下,分类分层推进国有企业治理结构的创新,并分类构建国有企业经营者的激励机制。     

混改股权制衡与“脱实向虚”：抑制还是促进*

针对目前国有企业存在金融资产配置的主业“挤出效应”现象，本文从国企混改视角探讨了非国有与国有股权制衡对“脱实向虚”的影响。研究发现混改股权制衡度与金融资产配置水平之间存在U型关系，且当非国有股权占比超过国有股权占比时促进作用更加明显。中介效应检验发现，在“抑制”区间内，混改股权制衡度通过缓解代理问题降低了金融资产配置水平；在“促进”区间内，混改股权制衡度通过激化代理问题引发了金融资产配置水平的提高。另外，相比长期投资性金融资产，混改股权制衡度主要对短期投机性金融资产的影响更加敏感。当样本为央企时，混改股权制衡度与金融资产配置水平呈现线性负相关关系。当样本为地方国企时，两者仍然为U型关系。混改股权制衡度与金融资产配置之间的U型关系仅体现在商业竞争类行业中。本文的研究对混合所有制改革以及金融资产配置的理论与实践具有一定的参考价值。     

不应把股份制等同于公有制--关于社会主义市场经济与股份制的研究之一

股份制本质上是生产社会化和市场经济发展的产物,它本身并不具有所有制属性,其核心问题是由“控股权”掌握在谁手里来决定企业法人产权的归属,因此股份制与公有制不是一回事。十五大报告关于股份制性质的论断是侧重于理论认识,十六届三中全会《决定》强调“使股份制成为公有制的主要实现形式”,则侧重于改革实践。股份制是实现国有企业改革的最好途径。     

中小企业减贫效应的地区差异及其所有制基础

采用SYS-GMM方法对中国省际面板数据进行估计,实证检验了中小企业的减贫效应,从中小企业所有制的角度考察该地区差异的成因。结果显示:中小企业的减贫效应存在明显的地区差异;中小企业初始国有资本比重对地区长期贫困减缓具有显著的负面影响;以中小企业私人资本比重的提高为特征的中小企业所有制结构变化对贫困减缓的积极作用最为显著,外商资本次之,国有资本对贫困减缓具有消极作用。指出:政府应进一步促进中小企业所有制改革,采取差异化政策,积极引导私人资本和外商资本向中西部地区流动,充分发挥中小企业的减贫作用。     

国企混改、高管薪酬激励与全要素生产率

基于我国国有企业混合所有制改革背景,以2004-2020年沪深A股国有上市公司为样本,实证检验混合所有制改革对国有企业全要素生产率的影响及其作用机制。区别多数文献对混合所有制改革虚拟变量的处理,本文采用混合所有制改革程度（第一大非国有股东持股比例超过5%）进行量化。在作用机制检验中,采用两种常用的中介效应检验法,同时为了提高对中介效应的检验力和结果的解释性,使用非参数Bootstrapping方法调整估计偏差的结构方程模型进行多重中介效应检验。研究结果表明,混合所有制改革对国有企业全要素生产率具有显著的正向促进作用,在一系列稳健性检验后,结论依然成立;异质性检验发现,混合所有制改革对国有企业全要素生产率的积极作用在地方国有企业、引入的非国有资本为民营资本以及混改后依然国有控股的样本企业中更为显著;高管的货币性薪酬和股权薪酬激励承担了大部分中介效应,其中货币性薪酬激励的作用更为突出,在使用与基准回归相似的稳健性检验后,中介效应依然显著成立。     

Ownership, investment climate and firm performance

The importance of a country's ‘investment climate’ for economic growth has recently received much attention. In this paper we use a new survey of 1,500 Chinese enterprises in five cities to measure more precisely components of the investment climate and their effects on firm performance. Our firm‐level analysis reveals that both ownership and investment climate measures matter for investment, productivity and growth. In particular, firm performance is positively correlated with foreign and domestic private ownership, light regulatory burdens, limited corruption, technological infrastructure and labour market flexibility. In contrast, gains from improving banking access and physical infrastructure are quite limited.     

RISING WAGES: HAS CHINA LOST ITS GLOBAL LABOR ADVANTAGE?

We document dramatic rising wages in China for the period 1978–2007 based on multiple sources of aggregate statistics. Although real wages increased seven‐fold during the period, growth was uneven across ownership types, industries and regions. Over the past decade, the wages of state‐owned enterprises have increased rapidly and wage disparities between skill‐intensive and labour‐intensive industries have widened. Comparisons of international data show that China's manufacturing wage has already converged to that of Asian emerging markets, but China still enjoys enormous labour cost advantages over its neighbouring developed economies. Our analysis suggests that China's wage growth will stabilize to a moderate pace in the near future.     

国有企业改革30年

经过30年的改革和制度创新,国有企业不但走出了困境,而且成为具有较高劳动生产率、较强盈利能力和竞争力的市场主体。理论研究与实践证明,很难有最优的所有制结构和股权结构。我们要毫不动摇地"坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度,毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济",坚持在公有制为主体的框架内通过制度建设来完善国有企业公司治理结构。国有企业公司治理结构的完善是一项长期而艰巨的任务。     

Ownership, Productivity Change, and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry

This paper investigates Chinese industrial productivity from 1980 to 1996. Results include series for foreign-linked, shareholding, and private enterprises. We find long-term productivity increase, with growth rates declining during the 1990's. Productivity outcomes outside the state and collective sectors are modest, with shareholding enterprises suffering productivity declines. The paper examines differences in marginal factor productivity across ownership types, considers the impact of business cycles on the interpretation of productivity trends, and documents a statistical relationship among the profitability of state enterprises, the relative productivity performance of state firms, and the entry of new firms outside the state sector.J. Comp. Econom., December 2000, 28(4), pp. 786–813. Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Institute of Quantitative and Technical Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 5 Jianguomennei Street, Beijing, China 100732.     

Productivity Catch‐up Between Chinese and Taiwanese Electronics Firms

This paper aims to depict the patterns of China's productivity catch‐up with Taiwan in the electronics industry over the period 2001–2007. Specifically, we investigate the roles that ownership structure and innovation efforts play in the dynamics of the productivity gap. The firm‐level evidence suggests that the labour productivity gap between Chinese and Taiwanese electronics firms has narrowed during the past decade. Second, the narrowing of the labour productivity gap has occurred in foreign‐owned enterprises rather than in local firms. Examining the determinants of productivity catch‐up show that R&D significantly contributes to Chinese electronics firms' catching up with their Taiwanese counterparts.     

State-owned enterprises going public The case of China

Public listing is a key reform measure for large state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) in China. We find evidence that public listing lowers state ownership significantly, lessens firms’ reliance on debt finance, and allows firms to increase capital expenditure, at least temporarily. We also find that ownership structure affects post‐listing performance. However, we find no statistical evidence of a positive effect of public listing on firms’ profitability. We suggest alternative interpretations of the last finding.     

农业上市公司股权结构对技术效率的作用机理

以我国28家农业上市公司为研究样本,运用数据包络分析方法测度技术效率,选取Tobit模型分析上市公司的股权结构对其技术效率的作用机理。研究结果表明:2008—2010年期间我国农业上市公司的技术效率年均值为0.83,仅14%的样本达到技术有效;国有股比例对公司的技术效率有负面影响,法人股比例与技术效率存在U型关系,股权集中度与技术效率存在倒U型关系,管理层持股对技术效率有正面影响。     

论国有企业的股份制改革

目前,我国国有企业大多数处于困难之中,急需改革。股份制作为促进生产力发展的有效资本组织形式,在产权明晰,权责分明,解决企业体制和机制方面较其它形式具有一定的优势。在通过股份制对我国国有企业进行改革的过程中,无论是思想认识上,还是具体操作过程中都出现了一些问题。本文着重对此进行了一些探讨。全文共分三大部分：一、推行股份制是深化国有企业改革的有效途径;二、澄清股份制的认识误区;三、立足实际,使国有企业股份制改革逐步纳入有序化、规范化的轨道     

A healthy hybrid: The technological dynamism of minority-state-owned firms in China

Since its economic reform began in 1979 China's economy has grown rapidly but its dynamism has not been shared by the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) at its core. Although some progress has been made, a large proportion of SOEs remain inefficient and uncompetitive, failing to exploit their advantages in scale, experience and resources. In contrast there has been rapid growth first of the collective and township enterprises, and then of the private sector, now the largest ownership type. However, private businesses continue to be handicapped by poor access to finance and other resources. These have however been made freely available to firms with only a minority state shareholding and otherwise owned by private shareholders and employees. This paper, focussing on the telecoms manufacturing sector, compares minority-state-owned hybrids favourably with other ownership types and argues that in the Chinese setting they can and should play a key role in future development.     

高管激励调节下研发投入与企业绩效关系研究

以中国上市公司为研究样本,实证分析了高管激励对研发投入与企业绩效关系的调节作用。通过对企业总样本的研究发现,研发投入对企业绩效具有显著促进作用;高管股权激励对研发投入与企业绩效具有显著正向调节作用,但薪酬激励的调节作用不显著。进一步研究发现,所有制形式是影响高管激励调节作用的重要情景要素,高管薪酬激励对国有企业和非国有企业的研发投入与绩效关系分别起着正向和负向调节作用;而高管股权激励仅对非国有企业具有显著正向调节作用。同时发现,反映公司治理和财务运营质量方面的控制变量对不同所有制企业高管激励发挥调节作用的影响程度不同。研究结论可为企业制定合理的高管激励机制,提高创新绩效提供决策参考。     

中国医药上市企业股权结构对盈余管理影响的实证研究

选择了2007—2009年中国A股医药上市企业为研究样本,对中国医药上市企业股权结构对盈余管理的影响进行了实证研究,试图为优化中国医药企业股权结构,遏制过度盈余管理提供现实依据。研究结果表明,中国医药上市企业股权性质与盈余管理不相关;第一大股东持股比例与盈余管理呈正相关关系;股权制衡度与盈余管理负相关。     

技术创新对股权结构与企业绩效的中介效应

基于2013-2017年我国277家创业板上市制造业企业数据,采用中介效应检验方法分析股权结构、技术创新与企业绩效三者间的相互关系。结果表明：①第一大股东持股比例与技术创新、企业绩效间均呈显著正相关关系;②股权集中度与技术创新、企业绩效间均呈显著正相关关系;③在股权适度集中的基础上,股权制衡度与技术创新和企业绩效均呈显著正相关关系;④技术创新部分中介了股权结构对企业绩效的影响。研究结果有助于厘清股权结构、技术创新与企业绩效三者间的相互关系,对于我国企业自主创新能力提升及企业绩效可持续增长具有重要意义。     

Capital Structure Premium in Multinational SOEs: Evidence from China

We investigate the relationship among multinational operations, ownership and capital structure using data from China's A‐share listed companies. We find that, in general, multinational enterprises (MNEs) have lower leverages than domestic enterprises (DEs). More importantly, we document a capital structure premium in China's multinational state‐owned enterprises (SOEs). Since the state supports multinational SOEs that promote overseas national strategy, these multinational SOEs will have higher credit availability and therefore higher debt–equity ratios. This study sheds light on the Chinese government's impact on firm's creditability.     

Family ownership,altruism and agency costs in Australian small- and medium-sized enterprises

Given the continuing uncertainty about whether family firms enjoy lower agency costs, this article hypothesizes that a combination of the effects of family ownership, altruism and self-control is instead at play. To begin with, family ownership can indeed reduce agency costs through better aligning the interests of owners and managers. This is a ‘determining’ effect in that it independently mitigates one source of agency problems. However, altruism combined with self-control problems arising from the highly concentrated ownership often found in family firms can also increase agency costs. This is an ‘embedding’ effect as it is rooted in the personal relationships within the family firm. Using the Business Longitudinal Database compiled by the Australian Bureau of Statistics on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we find that for larger SMEs (those with 20–200 employees), the gains in lower agency costs arising from family ownership are almost completely offset by the losses from altruism and the lack of self-control.