两阶段视角下高技术产业技术创新能力比较研究

运用SPSS软件,对我国高技术产业在技术研发阶段和技术成果转化阶段的技术创新能力进行了实证研究。结果发现,两阶段高技术产业创新能力高低趋势基本一致。其中,通信设备制造业在两阶段技术创新能力均最高,而办公设备制造业、雷达及配套设备制造业、航天器制造业在两阶段的技术创新能力均最低。提高高技术产业技术创新能力,在技术研发阶段应加大创新投入,提高产业创新产出,从而保证技术成果转化阶段研发成果供给。另外,还应加强技术成果转化阶段的经费投入和创新环境建设。     

两阶段视角下高技术产业技术创新能力比较研究——来自行业数据的实证分析

运用SPSS软件,对我国高技术产业在技术研发阶段和技术成果转化阶段的技术创新能力进行了实证研究。结果发现,两阶段高技术产业创新能力高低趋势基本一致。其中,通信设备制造业在两阶段技术创新能力均最高,而办公设备制造业、雷达及配套设备制造业、航天器制造业在两阶段的技术创新能力均最低。提高高技术产业技术创新能力,在技术研发阶段应加大创新投入,提高产业创新产出,从而保证技术成果转化阶段研发成果供给。另外,还应加强技术成果转化阶段的经费投入和创新环境建设。     

高端装备制造业技术创新效率测度与优化

为了拓展多阶段DEA模型的应用,文章充分发挥四阶段DEA模型和Bootstrap模型的优势,利用组合分析模型对高端装备制造技术创新效率进行测度.DEA模型选取R&D经费内部支出、技术引进经费支出、R&D人员全时当量、研发机构个数作为投入指标,有效发明专利数、利润总额作为产出指标,同时考虑宏观经济水平、市场劳动力供给和金融支持等环境因素对效率的影响.结果 表明:不考虑环境和统计噪音,高端装备制造业技术创新效率均值呈现显著的"U"型波动趋势.剔除环境因素和随机误差后,组合模型实证发现产业效率呈非显著性"U"型变化,创新水平差异不明显,大部分介于0.8～0.9之间,处于非效率状态;技术驱动和环境因素对创新效率提升发挥双重作用.医疗仪器设备及仪器仪表制造等产业的技术进步指数(TC)均大于1.     

中国高端装备制造业自主技术创新效率稳定性及影响因素研究

在全面实施创新驱动发展战略的时代背景下，揭示中国高端装备制造业自主技术创新效率稳定性，测度相关因素的影响强度与方向，对揭示中国高端装备制造业自主技术创新规律，制定其发展策略具有重要指导意义。聚焦中国高端装备制造业自主技术创新效率稳定性及影响因素，采用DEA-Malmquist指数方法和Tobit回归模型进行实证研究，结果表明，中国高端装备制造业自主技术创新效率存在一定波动性，且各细分行业技术创新效率内部稳定性较差，产业自主技术创新效率整体稳定性不高；自主技术创新投入因素和环境影响因素对产业自主技术创新效率的影响具有较高的异质性，其中创新资金投入和人力资源投入对自主技术创新综合效率、纯技术效率及规模效率具有正向影响，而新产品开发投入和企业规模对自主技术创新综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率的影响具有异质性，政策因素与市场因素分别具有显著和非显著负向影响，外源性创新因素具有显著正向影响，且影响强度较大。在此基础上，提出调整政府对高端装备制造业创新支持模式、加强外源性创新与智力引进等策略建议。     

山西省装备制造业技术创新效率评价研究

近几年山西省装备制造业发展速度非常快,但是在发展过程中也出现了很多的问题,尤其是技术创新效率不高。文章选取了四个投入指标和五个产出指标,运用多指标投入产出法和因子分析定权法等方法,对山西省装备制造业7个子行业的技术创新效率进行分析,然后对7个子行业的技术创新效率进行排序,并对各子行业的发展状况及可能的原因作了总结。最后针对上面提到的问题给出有价值的一些建议。     

基于因子分析的我国装备制造业技术创新能力评价研究

通过对国内外有关产业技术创新能力评价指标体系以及评价方法的研究,从技术创新保障能力、创新资源投入能力、技术创新转化吸收能力、创新资源产出能力4个方面构建我国装备制造业的技术创新能力评价指标体系。用因子分析法建立评价模型,以我国装备制造业行业7个子行业2009年面板数据为研究样本,对其技术创新能力进行定量评价和实证分析。     

高技术制造业创新效率评价及要素投入差异性研究

高技术制造业发展及竞争优势提升依赖于其技术创新能力。以高技术制造业下属行业为研究对象,运用DEA-Malmquist指数法分析高技术制造业每个行业动态效率变化值,并结合熵值法确定投入指标权重,采用灰色关联分析法深入研究各创新投入要素对产出的贡献度。结果表明：①我国高技术制造业在2014-2015年的全要素生产率最低,但整体上创新效率发展态势较好;②技术进步效率是影响全要素生产率变化的主要因素;③相同投入要素在不同行业中的贡献度差异较大,主要归因于指标投入强度及技术创新能力差异。     

中国装备制造业国际贸易是否促进了其技术发展——基于DEA的面板数据分析

机械设备作为资本品,其出口增长被视为产业结构和出口结构升级的标志;其进口被视为获得国际RD溢出的重要载体。本文采用DEA法将中国6个装备制造业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术进步和技术效率增长。实证分析发现,1993—2010年期间,装备制造业的全要素生产率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,其增长主要依赖于技术进步增长而不是技术效率增长;装备制造业出口对其技术发展有抑制作用,中间品和成套设备进口对其技术发展都有积极效应。可见,装备制造业进口国外高端设备获取知识和技术溢出的同时,却疲于占据国外中低端市场,把自己锁定在低端分工水平上而抑制了技术发展。因此,需要同时调整装备制造业现有的国际贸易模式和自身发展模式。     

装备制造业技术进步的溢出效应-基于两部门模型的实证研究

本文将整个工业分为装备制造和非装备制造两类部门,把装备制造业技术进步纳入非装备制造部门的生产函数中,通过构建两部门模型研究装备制造业技术进步与其他工业部门产出增长之间的关系,并以2000—2007年我国31个省区的面板数据为样本进行了实证检验,得到装备制造业技术进步对非装备制造部门存在显著的溢出效应的结论,不同区域分组的估计结果说明装备制造业自身的生产效率和非装备制造部门的设备更新速度对技术溢出效应具有显著影响。     

技术需求与智能制造技术创新——数字经济的导向性赋能机制

智能制造技术创新是持续推动制造业高质量发展的关键动力。为探究制造业技术需求、数字经济赋能对非市场与市场导向下智能制造技术创新的作用机制，基于技术创新需求拉动理论，引入数字经济赋能构建投入-产出两阶段模型。分析发现，当政府研发补贴较高时，劳动替代需求与智能制造技术创新投入呈倒U型相关，对智能制造研发投入产生挤出效应；以效率提升为主的技术市场需求通过影响企业智能制造技术创新投入，间接推动技术创新产出。有调节的中介模型检验表明，数字经济赋能正向调节市场导向的智能制造技术创新产出，但对非市场导向的技术创新不具赋能作用。在充分利用数字经济发展优势的同时，应依托需求拉动机制开发更多需求侧政策工具，进一步激发智能制造技术创新。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.