跨国公司R&D投资与我国经济增长

基于协整理论和Borensztein的模型,文章采用时间序列动态均衡关系分析方法,对跨国公司R&D投资与我国经济增长之间的关系作了实证分析。分析表明:跨国公司R&D投资对我国经济发展的影响时效相对较长,并且影响力度逐渐减弱。对考虑人力资本的跨国公司R&D投资与我国经济增长的关系的进一步的实证分析后,本文认为在目前跨国公司的R&D投资过程中,我国人力资本对经济增长的作用不显著,跨国公司R&D投资的引入对国内投资也不存在挤出效应。     

基于随机前沿生产函数的我国主要省市人力资本与R＆D投资效率实证检验

人力资本和R&D投资一方面促进了经济增长,另一方面又增强了科研主体对外部技术的吸收能力,推动了知识与技术的扩散。本文基于随机前沿生产函数,利用1998—2007年中国29个省市共290个观测数据,通过引入人力资本和R&D投资两个参数,分析人力资本和R&D投资对生产力的直接影响和通过提高技术吸收能力对技术效率的间接影响。结果表明:人力资本在诠释地区间效率差异中扮演着极其重要的角色,它不仅直接影响生产力的提高,而且还通过提高技术吸收能力从而间接影响技术效率;R&D投资对技术效率有重要影响,而对生产力的直接影响并不强。     

过度自信调节下董事会人力资本与企业R & D投入关系研究

结合资源依赖理论及冲突理论,以2013-2014年中国创业板149家企业为样本,运用回归分析法考察了董事会人力资本对企业R&D投入的影响,探讨了管理者过度自信在这一过程中的调节作用。结果显示：董事会人力资本广度与企业R&D投入强度显著负相关;②董事会人力资本深度与企业R&D投入强度显著正相关;③管理者过度自信对董事会人力资本深度和广度与企业R&D投入之间的关系皆具有显著的负向调节作用,即管理者过度自信程度越高,董事会人力资本深度对企业R&D投入的促进效用越小,其广度对企业R&D投入的消极作用越强。     

生产率进步影响农村人力资本积累吗?——基于微观数据的研究

本文采用中国家庭收入调查数据(CHIP),在动态一般均衡框架下,从理论和实证上研究了农业生产率提高对农村人力资本积累的影响。研究表明,随着农业生产率提高,农村家庭倾向于进行教育投资,进而提升了家庭人力资本积累;过去各期农业生产率对家庭人力资本积累的提高有显著的促进作用;越早期的农业生产率变动,对家庭人力资本积累的影响越大;农业生产率的收入增长效应是提高家庭人力资本积累水平的重要机制;农业生产率提高对于从事农业生产家庭的人力资本积累提高具有显著的推动作用,但对于从事非农生产家庭来说,农业生产率的人力资本积累效应则不很显著。上述结论意味着,国家惠农政策向农业生产率提高和教育投资领域倾斜,对于促进农村人力资本积累具有重要意义。     

西部地区的能源开发与经济增长——基于“资源诅咒”假说的实证分析

本文应用"资源诅咒"理论假说,通过1991—2006年的省际面板数据对西部地区的能源开发与经济增长之间的相关性及其传导机制进行了计量检验和分析。研究结果表明:自进入上世纪90年代以来,西部地区的能源开发与经济增长之间存在显著的负相关性,能源开发确实带来了"资源诅咒"效应;虽然实施西部大开发战略前能源开发负向作用于对外开放度、科技创新和人力资本投入,但"诅咒"效应尚未明显产生,而实施大开发后能源开发对科技创新和人力资本投入的负向作用有所增强,从而导致诅咒效应明显出现。通过进一步的实证考察,我们发现能源开发在西部主要通过其对科技创新和人力资本投入的挤出效应,以及滋生寻租和腐败而引起的政治制度弱化效应这三种间接传导途径来阻碍经济增长,其中人力资本投入是作用最强的传导因素。     

税收优惠政策对企业R&D投入的激励机理研究

税收优惠作为政府调控经济的一项重要政策工具,可以从3个方面来激励企业R&D投入.一是税收优惠政策降低了企业R&D投资资本的使用成本,增加了企业R&D资金来源,从而刺激企业增加R&D的投资;二是税收优惠政策使政府承担了一部分企业R&D投资的风险损失,降低了企业R&D投资风险,从而鼓励企业提高持有R&D资产的比例;三是税收优惠政策提高了R&D人才的实际工资水平,降低了企业投资R&D人力资本的成本支出,从而提高了R&D人力资本的供给和需求.     

人力资本、R&D、能源消耗与经济增长关系研究——中国经济增长驱动因素的实证分析

构建了修正的宇泽—卢卡斯经济增长模型,分析了经济增长过程中人力资本、R&D、能源消耗和开放水平发挥作用的具体机理,选取1994~2011年人力资本水平、R&D水平、能源消耗水平和开放水平数据,建立了VEC模型和状态空间模型,实证检验了人力资本水平、R&D水平、能源消耗水平和开放水平对经济增长的贡献程度。研究结果显示:人力资本水平逐渐成为我国经济增长的主要驱动力量,开放水平对我国经济增长的拉动作用比较显著但是呈现出下降的趋势,能源消耗水平对我国经济增长的拉动作用趋于弱化,R&D水平对我国经济增长的拉动作用不显著,R&D投资规模和投资效率亟待提高。     

环境污染、人力资本与区域创新发展

基于2002—2015年中国省级面板数据,研究环境污染对区域创新水平的影响,进一步以人力资本作为中介变量,运用中介效应研究其中的传导机制。研究发现:环境污染显著降低了我国的创新水平;人力资本是环境污染影响创新水平的一个重要传导渠道,环境污染会通过降低人力资本水平对创新水平产生负向影响。得到如下启示:政府应加强对环境污染的治理、增加人力资本投资,为人力资本积累和集聚创造良好的条件;继续加强交通基础建设以及增加R&D投入,为创新水平的提升提供良好的基础。     

基础设施投资、人力资本积累与农业经济增长

本文利用1985-2010年的年度数据,通过构建包含基础设施投资、人力资本积累和私人资本投入的生产函数对农业经济增长的影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明,人力资本积累和私人资本投入对农业经济增长起到积极的促进作用,而基础设施投资阻碍了农业经济的增长;基础设施投资、人力资本积累和私人资本投入对农业经济的影响在短期内并不显著;从长期来看,人力资本积累对农业经济的影响最大。本文提出今后的农业政策应该合理配比财政支农资金,促进农民收入增长,以实现农业长期、稳定和可持续的发展。     

产业内贸易与经济增长:基于人力资本的分析框架

贸易的知识扩散效应和贸易竞争的资源配置效应是长期内产业内贸易影响增长的最根本的两个方面。本文将包含贸易知识扩散程度参数的人力资本积累函数引入Bucci提出的经济增长模型,把模型拓展到开放经济环境,在动态贸易均衡中考察这两种效应。研究发现：贸易的知识扩散效应促进人力资本积累,有利于经济增长;贸易竞争效应使人力资本更多地配置到低效率的非竞争性部门,不利于经济增长。因此,产业内贸易对经济增长的影响取决于知识扩散效应和贸易竞争效应的影响程度的相对大小比较结果。     

知识外部性、研究开发与经济可持续增长——理论分析与基于中国数据的实证研究

文章在一个具有Marshall-Arrow-Romer知识外部性的四部门经济中,通过研究代表性家庭的动态最优化问题,考察了人力资本投资、研究开发和经济可持续增长之间的内在关系以及相应的政策含义问题,得出的主要结论是:1.人力资本的积累效率和知识外部性的大小会影响经济稳态增长率的高低;2.主观时间偏好率越大、边际效用弹性参数越小的国家稳态增长率越低;经济中技术创新率的提高和教育部门生产效率的改进会提高一国的稳态增长率,反之则反是;3.知识的外部性越大,最终产品部门的产出和研究开发部门的知识增量越高,稳态的经济增长率越高,反之则越低;4.政府应该建立、健全和完善尊重知识产权、激励创新的政策环境,以引导经济达到可持续的稳定增长状态.文章运用1978-2006年的时间序列数据进行实证研究,命题的主要结论得到了经验证据的支撑;同时,也发现了一些不同于已有命题的现象.     

研发人力资本配置与技术创新——异质教育层次视角

在经济增长结构性减速和经济向高质量转型发展背景下，探讨研发人力资本有效配置对中国经济结构转型发展具有重要现实意义。基于中国2009-2018年省际面板数据，根据教育层次异质性，将研发人力资本细分为本科及以下、硕士与博士3种类型，运用静态和动态面板回归模型，从创新总量与细分创新类型视角分析不同教育层次研发人力资本作用于技术创新的差异化特征。统计分析和实证研究表明，中国地区不同教育层次研发人力资本配置不平衡，本科及以下研发人力资本占据主导地位，而本科及以下研发人力资本对地区技术创新具有一定抑制效应，硕士研发人力资本对地区技术创新具有显著正向作用，博士研发人力资本对地区技术创新没有呈现显著正面效应，且相比于硕士研发人力资本具有更低的创新产出弹性，在科研创新效率方面没有体现出预期的教育优势。研究结果对中国高层次人力资本在技术创新中的优化配置和经济结构转型发展具有积极的借鉴意义。     

R&D, Imperfect Competition and Growth with Human Capital Accumulation

This paper studies the long‐run consequences of imperfect competition on growth and the sectoral distribution of skills within an R&D‐based growth model with human capital accumulation. We find that steady‐state growth is driven only by incentives to accumulate skills. In the model imperfect competition has a positive growth effect, while influencing the allocation of human capital to the different economic activities employing this factor input. Contrary to general wisdom, the share of resources invested in R&D turns out not to be monotonically increasing in the product market power and its correlation with the equilibrium output growth rate is not unambiguous.     

Social status, human capital formation and super-neutrality in a two-sector monetary economy

In this paper, we study how social status affects the impact of monetary policy on the long-run growth rate in a two-sector monetary economy with human capital accumulation, and find that the super-neutrality of money, with regard to the growth rate of the economy depends on the formation of human capital. In an economy with Lucas-type human capital formation, money is super-neutral; however, for an economy in which both physical and human capital are used as inputs for human capital accumulation, the money growth rate will have a positive effect on the long-run economic growth rate. The existence, uniqueness and saddle-path stability of balanced-growth equilibrium are also examined.     

Too Much of a Good Thing? The Quantitative Economics of R&D‐driven Growth Revisited

This article augments an R&D‐based growth model of the third generation with human capital accumulation and impure altruism, calibrates it with U.S. data, and investigates whether the market provides too little or too much R&D. For benchmark parameters, the market share of employment in R&D is close to the socially optimal solution. Sensitivity analysis shows that the order of magnitude of possible deviation between market R&D and optimal R&D is also smaller than suggested by previous studies. Small deviation of total research effort, however, can be compatible with large sectoral misallocations. Furthermore, the model allows for two additional channels through which population growth may affect the resource allocation so that its overall economic impact is no longer predetermined as positive. Numerical calibrations show that economic growth at the average rate in the U.S. over the last century can be consistent with a small and probably negative partial correlation between population growth and economic growth.     

Patent protection, capital accumulation, and economic growth

In this paper, we investigate how strengthening patent protection affects economic growth in an endogenous growth model where both innovation and capital accumulation are the driving forces of economic growth. In this model, stronger patent protection raises the profit flow obtained by innovation but reduces the factor demand for capital. This process accelerates innovation but discourages capital accumulation, and because of the negative effect on economic growth through reducing capital accumulation, strengthening patent protection may then impede economic growth. This result contrasts with earlier studies where innovation is the sole driving force for economic growth. Moreover, in an open economy model where technologies are transferred and capital is imported from abroad, the strictest protection of patents enhances technology adoption from abroad but impedes capital accumulation, and thus, the relation derived between patent protection and output can be nonmonotone. In terms of implications, these findings may be able to partly explain the complex relation found by some empirical studies in this area.     

Institutions,human capital,and growth: The institutional mechanism

This paper contributes to the debate on the relationship between human capital, institutions, and economic growth. The paper first develops a micro-foundation model linking institutions to human capital. The advantage of our modeling strategy is that the human capital accumulation function is derived from an endogenous process. The theoretical model shows that improvements in the quality of institutions foster human capital accumulation, decrease income inequality and change the historical development path. The paper uses cross-country panel data from 1965 to 2005 to test some of the model's propositions and finds that deep structures or structural institutions – which are very persistent and rooted on the historical development path of an economy – affect long-term economic performance, while political institutions are uncorrelated with productivity and long-term economic growth. The empirical estimates also show that growth of physical and human capital – instead of levels – determines long-run economic growth.     

Economic and productivity growth decomposition: An application to post-reform China

This paper examines and applies the theoretical foundation of the decomposition of economic and productivity growth to the thirty provinces in China's post-reform economy. The four attributes of economic growth are input growth, adjusted scale effect, technical progress, and efficiency growth. A stochastic frontier model with a translog production and incorporated with human capital is used to estimate the growth attributes in China. The empirical results show that input growth is the major contributor to economic growth and human capital is inadequate even though it has a positive and significant effect on growth. Technical progress is the main contributor to productivity growth and the scale effect has become important in recent years. The impact of technical inefficiency is statistical insignificant in the sample period. The relevant policy implication for a sustainable post-reform China economy is the need to promote human capital accumulation and improvement in technical efficiency.     

Distinguishing Between the Effects of Primary and Post-primary Education on Economic Growth

The paper follows Benhabib and Spiegel (Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 34, 1994:143–73) in examining the effect of human capital accumulation on economic growth. The paper is innovative in two ways. First, it takes the R&D‐based models more seriously. This delivers more structural specifications in which human capital affects growth as an input of final output and as a catalyst of technological innovation and imitation. Second, owing to data availability it is possible to disaggregate human capital and assign different roles to primary and post‐primary education. Regression estimates obtained from these alternative specifications suggest that the relative contribution of human capital to technology adoption and final output production vary by country wealth. More importantly, regression estimates suggest that primary education contributes mainly to production of final output, whereas post‐primary education contributes mainly to innovation and imitation of technology.     

人力资本积累与经济持续增长

本文从阐述传统经济增长理论的局限性出发，介绍了人力资本概念及其对经济增长的影响，尤其是专业化的人力资本积累对经济长期增长的决定性作用。作者认为，我国作为一个发展中的大国，要实现经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变，提高经济增长的质量与效益，必须吸收和借鉴经济增长理论研究的最新成果，进一步加大教育（包括专业教育、职业教育、在职培训等）投入，扩大对外开放，使我国丰富的人力资源转化为专业化的人力资本积累，从而促进经济的长期稳定增长