林业主产区农户影子工资对家庭劳动供给影响的实证分析

本文利用1990—2001年我国四川省沐川县、安徽省金寨县480户农户的数据,采用Translog函数和C-D生产函数对样本林业主产区农户在林业、种植业、畜牧业和非农业的影子工资进行估算,并利用Heckman两阶段模型分析了影子工资、影子收入、户主年龄、户主受教育程度、家庭负担等因素对农户劳动供给的影响。研究结果表明:样本林业主产区农户的影子工资与劳动供给时间存在负向关系,闲暇对于农户家庭中男性和女性来说是劣质品;农户家庭劳动供给的联合决策特征非常明显;农户家庭劳动力存在主次之分,该结论对于说明农户家庭内劳动分工以及劳动力流动有一定的指导意义。     

影子工资率对农村劳动力迁移与就业的影响

利用对陕西省农户所做的调查数据,采用多重分类概率模型,就农民对不同就业方式的参与概率进行估计,重点分析了影子工资率及人力资本、就业成本、收入差距对农民迁移与就业的影响,进而讨论了农村劳动市场的发育状况、农村社区环境的发展、农户家庭特征、个体人力资本积累对劳动力要素有效配置的影响。最后提出了相应的对策建议。     

代际支持、女性劳动供给与中国性别工资差异收敛−基于性别分工的视角

我国"男主外、女主内"的性别分工观念年深日久,但相比世界很多国家,女性劳动参与率反而很高、性别工资差异也较低,中国文化中长期承袭着父辈对子女代际支持的传统可能是缓解女性劳动供给约束的重要动因.文章构建考虑父辈代际支持的家庭劳动供给模型,利用中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),分析了父辈时间支持和经济支持对子女,特别是女性劳动力的劳动供给和工资收入的影响与机制.研究发现,父辈的时间支持明显缓解女性劳动参与的时间约束,提高其劳动供给和工资收入,但没有发现对男性有显著影响,故有利于性别工资差异收敛;而父辈的经济支持均未发现对子女的劳动参与和工资收入有显著影响.此外,对城乡进行区分后发现,父辈时间支持对城镇女性的作用比农村女性更强.文章的研究有助于加深对我国劳动力市场中女性劳动供给行为和性别工资收敛性的理解,对进一步完善劳动就业制度也有一定启示.     

从农民工角度对"民工荒"问题的市场均衡预期分析

一、农民工的市场均衡预期模型 劳动的供给来自于劳动者家庭部门,对应于特定的工资率,劳动者提供劳动的数量是由劳动者的选择行为决定的.这里,劳动力供给为农民工就业预期,其函数为Ls=(I,S).     

谁增加了劳动时间供给？——来自CHNS的证据

文章利用微观经济理论推导出低收入者在追求效用最大化和满足最低生存必需支出的约束条件下,低工资率时劳动供给曲线将向右下方倾斜。在此基础上,利用CHNS（2006）数据对其劳动供给时间进行了实证分析并进行解释,找出了工资率下降时增加劳动供给时间的劳动者个体特征。     

西方劳动力市场理论

本文从劳动力市场的需求、供给、工资形成机制和政府干预等方面,比较全面地分析了西方的劳动力市场理论,有助于人们了解西方劳动力市场理论的基本框架结构和主要的研究内容及观点。我国正在建立社会主义市场经济体制,因而了解和分析西方劳动力市场理论,对于推进我国劳动市场理论的发展和促进劳动市场的发育无疑是有意义的。     

中间产品进口、技术溢出与中国制造业的工资不平等

中间产品进口的技术溢出是国际贸易影响熟练劳动与非熟练劳动之间工资不平等的一个重要机制。本文运用中国制造业的面板数据,实证检验了中国制造业从R&D资本存量丰富的发达国家进口中间产品及其技术溢出对中国工资不平等的影响。结果表明,由于物化型的技术溢出,中间产品进口既通过实现熟练劳动力与国际先进R&D资本互补效应,又通过技能偏向的知识学习效应和劳动生产率效应,提高了中国制造业熟练劳动力的工资和就业份额,扩大了熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间的相对工资差距,加剧了工资不平等。随着熟练劳动力供给的增加,工资不平等呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。     

FSB、美国影子银行监管的比较分析

文章分析比较了FSB和美国对影子银行的监管框架,这两种框架都从机构和活动两个角度来对影子银行进行监管。对于"影子银行活动"的监管,FSB和美国观点较为一致,主要对与短期融资相关的风险进行监管。对于影子银行机构的监管,FSB提出根据影子银行的部门进行监管,而美国注重对系统重要性金融机构进行监管。文章分析了两种框架的特点,并提出了对中国影子银行监管的思考和建议。     

家庭非农劳动供给时间的影响因素分析

非农劳动供给在家庭中占有非常重要的地位。本文利用四川和安徽12年12乡的农户调查数据,采用Heckman两阶段模型,对影响家庭非农劳动供给的因素做了实证分析。研究结果表明,年龄轻、家庭平均受教育程度高、家庭初始经济能力有利于家庭非农劳动供给决策和非农劳动时间的增加;家庭中男女劳动力的比例对非农劳动供给时间具有不同的影响,土地资源匮乏是家庭从事非农劳动供给的重要原因。文章认为,政府应当在教育培训、信贷支持、通讯设施建设方面加以完善,以增加农户家庭的非农劳动供给。     

低工资徘徊、工业伤害与“民工荒”的综合思考

我国是一个劳动力供给远远大于劳动力需求的国家,近两年来,一些地方出现了严重的民工短缺现象,企业招工困难,其深刻的背景与农民工群体遭受的就业歧视、工资歧视与非体面劳动密切关联。     

Estimating utility consistent labour supply functions: Some results on pooled budget data

Demand systems AIDS, LES are augmented to include labour supply and then estimated on pooled U.K. budget data allowing for time series and cross section variation in wages. The results point to the danger of constraining the labour supply curve a-priori by use of restrictive utility systems. In addition, hypothesis relating to effects of price/wage movements on composition of ‘full income’ are tested.     

Labor supply,uncertainty, and efficient taxation

We analyze the structure of an optimal linear income tax when workers are uncertain about their wages at the time they choose their labor supplies. Background for the normative analysis is provided by an outline of the positive theory of wage taxation and labor supply under uncertainty. It is then shown that given imperfect information about wages, lump-sum taxation is not necessarily efficient. Because a wage tax reduces the riskiness of wage income, some combination of a lump-sum tax and a wage tax generally will minimize excess burden.     

A simultaneous discrete choice model of labor supply and wages for married women in Switzerland

A simultaneous model of female labor supply and wages is estimated. The labor supply model is formulated as a trichotomous discrete choice model in order to take into account the bimodal distribution of observed working hours. For women without observed wages the probability of choosing the observed work category is integrated over all values of the wage. The model is estimated using a sample of married women in Switzerland. The budget constraint is constructed by computing the disposable income for each hours point, taking into account the Swiss income tax system. The estimation results imply relatively modest wage elasticities of expected labor supply for working women. On the other hand the elasticity of the participation probability with respect to wages for nonworkers is twice as large. The magnitude of the income elasticities is comparable to other studies. The wage elasticities obtained with two alternative estimation procedures are considerably lower. These results show that wage elasticities crucially depend on how the problem of unobserved wages is solved.     

The dynamics of wage determination in Romania

This article examines wage developments in Romania over the last 20 years, discusses the evolving role of government wage policy and structural labour market changes, and analyses the dynamics of the wage determination process. It finds that government wage policy has had a significant demonstration effect on private sector wages, driven mainly by policy decisions over the past few years. The article also finds strong causality from private sector wages to wages in state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and government. No causality was found for changes in government wages to wages in SOEs or from SOE wages to private sector wages.     

猪肉价格周期、劳动力价格与通货膨胀

猪肉价格周期变动主要是受到劳动力价格水平的变动影响。农民工的工资变动会导致对劳动力价格敏感的养猪户做出放弃养猪(去打工)或增加养猪(放弃打工)的变化,进而导致猪肉价格的升降变动。工业部门中的可贸易部门的工资变动,使猪肉价格周期变动效应放大。关注可贸易部门的劳动力价格的工资变动,可以预测猪肉价格周期,进而可以预测通货膨胀走势。     

The Gender Wage Gap in Offered,Observed, and Reservation Wages for Spain

The literature on the gender wage gap and wage discrimination has exclusively analyzed observed wage differences, ignoring inactive or unemployed individuals. In order to obtain a more complete overview of gender wage differences, this paper analyzed inactive or unemployed individuals in terms of offered and reservation wages in Spain in the years 1994, 2000, and 2006. The results show that the observed wages give a more positive perspective of the gender wage gap than offered ones. Furthermore, the existence of an important gender wage gap for reservation wages has been noted, which is possibly because women take charge of household and family caregiving tasks to a greater degree than men. The results show that Spanish women had higher reservation wages and lower offered wages than men, which explains their lower participation in the labor market.     

Employment effects of introducing a minimum wage: The case of Germany

Income inequality has been a major concern of economic policy makers for several years. Can minimum wages help to mitigate inequality? In 2015, the German government introduced a nationwide statutory minimum wage to reduce income inequality by improving the labour income of low-wage employees. However, the employment effects of wage increases depend on time and region specific conditions and, hence, they cannot be known in advance. Because negative employment effects may offset the income gains for low-wage employees, it is important to evaluate minimum-wage policies empirically. We estimate the employment effects of the German minimum-wage introduction using panel regressions on the state-industry-level. We find a robust negative effect of the minimum wage on marginal and a robust positive effect on regular employment. In terms of the number of jobs, our results imply a negative overall effect. Hence, low-wage employees who are still employed are better off at the expense of those who have lost their jobs due to the minimum wage.     

Dynamic factor models of consumption,hours and income

This paper addresses two questions in the economics of intertemporal choice. First, what are the key factors that drive fluctuations in income and what are the time paths of their effects? Second, how do consumers respond to these factors? We answer these questions by estimating dynamic factor models of consumption, hours, wages, unemployment, and income that account for measurement error and the fact that variables used in the study are measured at different time intervals and/or are aggregates for the calendar year. We pay special attention to a dynamic factor representation of a joint life cycle model of consumption and labour supply, which permits us to quantify the effect of wages, unemployment, and other factors on the marginal utility of income as well as to estimate the substitution effects of wage changes on labour supply and consumption.