英国实施《农业技术战略》以提高农业竞争力

英国政府于2013年7月发布了一份《农业技术战略》政策报告,旨在解决英国农业科技成果转化的瓶颈问题,以提高英国农业产业竞争力。该报告从农业科技投入、农业食品供应链和全球市场等方面,对英国农业现状进行了分析,并提出了相应的行动计划和成果评价考核指标。随后,英国政府启动了相关的配套设施和研究项目,以促进农业科技成果的转化。通过对上述各方面内容进行详细介绍和分析,以期为我国农业科技成果转移、转化等相关工作提供参考。     

如何布局我国前瞻技术领域?——来自OECD“生产革命”研究项目的启示

本文在研究经济合作与发展组织"生产革命"研究项目的基础上,通过对具体技术领域和技术创新过程关键问题两方面的政策研究,提出实施前瞻的技术政策来应对下一轮生产革命的政策思考。结合我国当前科技政策的发展现状和未来生产方式的技术需求,提出我国前瞻布局技术领域的8项重点,以期为我国制定中长期科学和技术规划、实现世界科技强国目标提供政策参考。     

英国技术预测计划—科学技术促进经济发展的重大举措

1993年5月,英国政府推出了新的科技白皮书。白皮书把在全国范围开展的“技术预测计划”列为英国政府以科技推动经济发展的重大举措。政府动员全国科技、工业、经济等各界人士积极参与这个计划,密切合作,为重振英国经济贡献力量。 英国政府非常重视技术预测计划的实施,把它叫做“早期预警系统”。他们希望通过加     

英国跨国公司创新管理模式浅析

自1993年5月英国政府发表《发掘我们的潜力:科学、工程和技术的战略》白皮书以来,英国技术政策发生了很大的改变。过去英国政府一直不介入企业“面向市场”研究,现在改变了这种政策,支持企业创新,特别对通用技术的研究予以经费支持。其工作重点放在现有技术的转移和应用,支持技术创新,而不是支持开发新技术。     

英国技术前瞻研究的实践

技术前瞻研究及其他 　　技术前瞻研究，是对科技、经济和社会的远期未来进行系统性探索的过程，其目的是选定可能产生最大经济与社会效益的战略研究领域和通用新技术。技术前瞻是对 20～ 30年后未来的认识，常带有想象的成分。但前瞻不是预见未来，而是考虑影响未来的问题和动因，政府和工商界依此形成某种思想或战略，确定优先研究开发领域，决定资金和资源的调度与调整。 　　因此，前瞻研究主要包括以下三个方面的内容：技术发展趋势，技术发展对经济增长、综合竞争力和社会可持续发展的影响，技术发展对未来的技术与产品市场以及未来产…     

创新驱动发展——英国创新政策五大着力点及具体举措剖析

本文在梳理英国创新体系建设历程的基础上,对英国政府创新政策的5个着力点进行了剖析,包括强调保持优势领域科学研究领先水平,发挥研究和创新成果的经济和社会影响;推动大学与产业开展合作,大力促进研究和创新成果商业化;强化提升企业创新能力,系统支持小企业创新活动;破解"死亡之谷"难题,为创新型中小企业早期发展提供金融支持;重视创新人才培养,大力支持技能培训等,并对英国政府推出的24项具体创新政策举措进行了详细介绍,供国内实施创新驱动发展战略参考借鉴。     

关于技术前瞻研究的评介

作为当前创新体系管理的重要手段 ,技术前瞻研究所预测的范围已远远超出技术本身的发展趋势 ,它还包括技术发展的经济与社会背景和市场效应。对技术发展趋势的预测能力已成为国家或企业竞争优势的重大因素。作者具体评介了技术前瞻研究的发展历程、背景、任务、作用与预测方法 ,并阐述它对推动我国科技发展的意义     

英国科技项目招、投标和评标的做法

英国政府近些年进行的一系列科技改革获得了巨大的成功，使其科技投入与产出率居欧洲之首，继美国之后居世界第二。应该承认，这种成功，无疑是政府重视了将有限的科技资源发挥出最佳的效果，其主要诀窍之一是科学地应用了科技项目招、投标和评标的手段。集思广义是确保决策科学性的基础分析英国近些年的重大科技决策，不难发现，成立专家组，吸收各有关行业的官员和专家，集思广议，共同研究，是确保重大科技计划决策科学性的关键。例如，1994年在英国政府科技办公室的领导下开始组织‘被术预测计划”，由16个专家组操作。“技术预测计划”…     

英国90年代科学技术的新战略和政策——英国政府发表科学技术白皮书

1993年5月26日,英国政府发表了准备近一年的题为《发掘我们的潜力:科学、工程和技术的战略》的白皮书。这是英国继1972年发表著名的罗斯柴尔德的顾客—合同制原则以来第一份最重要的英国政府科学技术政策声明;也是英国政府90年代及世纪之交的科学技术战略和政策声明。本文就白皮书的主要内容、英国科技新战略、科技政策与措施作一简要介绍,供读者参考。     

铁路建设项目可行性研究的比较分析

铁路建设项目投资巨大，其决策的科学与否，对国民经济的发展影响深远。本文通过对目前铁路建设项目可行性研究工作与国外同类项目可行性研究工作的比较分析，提出了在我国铁路建设项目可行性研究工作存在的问题．并对问题的解决提出了初步的建议。     

‘Technology foresight towards 2020 in China’: the practice and its impacts

Technology foresight has attracted increasing attention from government and academia as well as industry since the 1990s. However, the impact of technology foresight on national strategic decision-making varies from country to country. This paper aims to introduce the ‘Technology Foresight towards 2020’ exercise in China, which has been conducted by a research group in the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The paper consists of five parts: (1) introduction; (2) the framework for technology foresight towards 2020 in China; (3) the methodology including scenario building for identifying technology demands and the method for processing and analysing the data from a Delphi survey; (4) the major results of a Delphi survey in the following four research fields: Information technology, Biotechnology, Energy technology, Material science and technology; and (5) the impact of the research on decision-making concerning science and technology development in China.     

'Technology foresight towards 2020 in China': the practice and its impacts

Technology foresight has attracted increasing attention from government and academia as well as industry since the 1990s. However, the impact of technology foresight on national strategic decision-making varies from country to country. This paper aims to introduce the 'Technology Foresight towards 2020' exercise in China, which has been conducted by a research group in the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The paper consists of five parts: (1) introduction; (2) the framework for technology foresight towards 2020 in China; (3) the methodology including scenario building for identifying technology demands and the method for processing and analysing the data from a Delphi survey; (4) the major results of a Delphi survey in the following four research fields: Information technology, Biotechnology, Energy technology, Material science and technology; and (5) the impact of the research on decision-making concerning science and technology development in China.     

技术预见活动所体现的科学发展观——以《中国未来20年技术预见研究》为例

简述了技术预见活动在全球的开展情况,以《中国未来20年技术预见研究》为例,介绍了技术预见活动的步骤和使用方法,分析了技术预见活动过程所体现的科学发展观。     

Emergent foresight processes: industrial activities in wireless communications

Technology foresight has received growing attention among those involved in the shaping and implementation of science and technology (S&T) policies. However, although evaluative analyses of foresight exercises have supplied evidence on acclaimed benefits—such as the generation of future-oriented knowledge and strengthening of collaborative networks—they also point to challenges in translating foresight results into actions within research and technology development (RTD) organizations. In this article, we address these challenges by considering the work of the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF), which has sought to promote the conception, development, and diffusion of wireless communication technologies. Specifically, by contrasting this work with well-known government-initiated foresight exercises, we typify so-called explicit, emergent, and embedded foresight activities and explore their interrelationships. Our comparative analysis points to conditions under which policy interventions may not be needed for the emergence of foresight activities that exert a major influence on RTD agendas. It also suggests several context-dependent roles for public policy, among which government-driven foresight exercises and the catalysis of more narrowly focused activities are but two examples.     

Evaluation of national foresight activities: Assessing rationale, process and impact

The paper addresses the question of what constitutes an appropriate evaluation strategy for national foresight activities in different situations. The variety of rationales for foresight is explored, ranging from a desire to set priorities through to participation-oriented goals and building new networks around common visions and strategies. A generational model of foresight is used to show the evolution of key evaluation issues. The generic motivations for evaluation of accountability, justification and learning are discussed in the context of foresight. Evaluation grounded in the concept of behavioural additionality and the systems failure rationale is shown to be more suited as a rationale for foresight as public policy.Assessing the effects of foresight requires an understanding that it is only one of several influences on public policy. To be effective it needs to be tuned into the strategic behaviour and cycles of policy and economic actors. Cases are presented of evaluation of foresight programmes in the United Kingdom, Germany and Hungary. It is concluded that there is no “one-size-fits-all” evaluation approach and that the method selected is conditioned by motivation, timing and the level of aggregation. Foresight cannot be fully evaluated independently from its context. Foresight is being strengthened by the emergence of rigorous and systematic knowledge to assist learning and improvement.     

The methodology combination of a national foresight process in Germany

In September 2007, the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) launched a new foresight process which aimed at four specific targets. To achieve them, a tailor-made combination of methods was applied. This paper focuses on the concept design of the process and explains one of the methods — the future online survey — in more detail.The German Foresight Process of the BMBF delivers results on different levels: broader future fields as well as single future topics. Both kinds are relevant and selected according to a set of criteria. Some of the results of this foresight process will be directly integrated into national policy activities, others are just more indirectly filtered into the innovation system of the specific sectors in the country. The future fields are all cross-cutting issues based on science and technology. All of them are specifically knowledge dynamic fields.     

Technology Foresight Activities in Korea and in Countries Closing the Technology Gap

This article discusses technology foresight in selected countries which were politically dependent (colonial) before World War II and considered as “under-developed” in the post-war period. Most of them show considerable economic dynamism in the 1990s, which is not always based on their own scientific and technological capability. For this group of countries, national exercises in technology foresight are likely to be an important tool in planning the strategic direction for science and technology development in order to catch up economically as well as socially. In Korea, which has recently become an OECD member, comparative advantage based on factors such as low wages and protected industries are no longer effective as the economy is now wide open to the world. Foresight is being used to look at comparative advantages based on Korea’s own knowledge-creating activities. In southeast Asian countries, foresight is still in an infant stage, but most of these have medium-term planning cycles and have undertaken longer-term vision studies. In South Africa, a national foresight project is running, as is an adapting foresight process to make the large national research organization fit. In Latin America, an agenda has been set up which indicates the desire of several countries to engage in foresight activities using different approaches.     

英国建立技术与创新中心的背景、理念和机制

2010年3月,英国政府出台了《技术与创新中心报告》,其核心内容是建议英国建立一批新的技术与创新中心（TICs）,在技术成长的道路上,对技术进行筛选、整合、培育,直至实现技术的商业化。2010年10B,卡梅伦首相宣布,在未来四年,英国计划投资24L英镑,建立6—8个世纪级技术与创新中心,为英国经济发展注入驱动力。鉴于英国的经验,本文对中国建设国家创新体系的四点建议或思考如下：1．技术创新体系的核心框架：重点产业领域的技术与创新中心;2．技术创新体系的关键任务：形成产业共性技术和关键技术;3．技术创新体系的功能目标：促进科技经济紧密结合：4．政府在建立国家创新体系中的作用：构建框架、引导社会和环境营造。     

Foresight studies : A new approach in anticipatory policy making in the Netherlands

Selection and priority setting in technology policies become more and more urgent. Confronted with budget constraints, policy makers need planning methods for well-argued choices. But how can we assess technology fields of particular interest to our countries? Prospective analysis can help us. The author develops an empirical model for foresight studies as a tool in strategic decision making. It is based on a Dutch experiment in recent years and illustrates how several stakeholders in a nation can be mobilized to assess emerging technologies, develop a common field of reference in judging these technologies, and coordinate the joint actions of the actors in this field. Foresight seems to be a rather interactive planning method in which governments have to plan the process rather than the outcome. In reflection on action, the author makes clear that foresight can reduce complexity when it is a process of concerted action in which public and private actors operate as coproducers.     

Environmental technology foresight: New horizons for technology management

Decision-making in corporate technology management and government technology policy is increasingly influenced by the environmental impact of technologies. Technology foresight (TF) and environmental impact assessment (EIA) are analyzed with regard to the roles they can play in developing long-term strategies and policies for reducing the environmental impact of technologies. The methods for TF and EIA are quite well developed, but remain within a tradition of rational decision-making. However, recent studies of tecnology management and innovation have shown that technology development can be explained only to a certain degree by rational decision-making. EIA is usually presented as an objective and scientific method, based on normative underpinnings that usually remain hidden. Thus, systematic information-providing instruments such as TF and EIA can play only a limited role. We propose a procedure for environmental technology foresight. The case is made that environmental technology management will be most helped by a 'constructive' approach in order to stimulate incorporation of long-term environmental objectives.