中学英语信息化教学现状及对策研究——以山东省为例

信息化教学,是以现代教学理念为指导,以信息技术为支持,应用先进教学方法的教学。信息化教学作为一种全新的教学模式逐渐取代传统化教学是教育事业发展的必然要求。文章以中学英语信息化教学为研究对象,分析当前中学英语信息化教学现状,找到在英语信息化教学中存在的问题,并提出加强偏远地区学校信息化资源建设、完善经费及制度保障、提高教师信息化教学能力、利用有效信息化教学手段开展教学等应对策略。     

农业高校农林经济管理专业本科实践教学的探讨

当前,农业高校农林经济管理专业实践教学存在诸多问题,如实践教学环节薄弱、学生动手能力亟待加强、实验室和校外实习基地建设落后、实践教学与第二课堂活动相脱节等。加强农业高校农林经济管理专业实践教学,重点应放在优化人才培养目标和实践教学体系,为实践教学提供制度保障;加强实验室和校外实习基地建设,为实践教学提供根本支撑;强化实践教学与第二课堂活动的紧密联系,为实践教学提供有效的载体。     

以学生为中心和以法律职业为导向视阈下的刑法学教学设计

以学生为中心、以法律职业为导向和以事实为进路,应该成为刑法学教学设计的基本理念。以学生为中心和法律职业为导向的教学理念要求在刑法学教学设计的基本依据中分析学生情况、教材特点和教师自身情况。以学生为中心和法律职业为导向的教学理念还要求在刑法学教学设计的基本内容中予以贯彻,即在刑法学课程的教学目标、教学方法和教学环节中予以贯彻。     

高职院校会计实训教学改革探究

高职院校会计实训教学是指导学生运用财务会计理论知识与动手能力相结合的一种教学方法。会计实训教学的基本内容包括单项模拟、课程模拟、综合模拟、会计电算化模拟等实训教学。实训教学的实施过程,不仅是以培养学生的技能操作为目的,而且还以培养高素质劳动者作为最终目标。会计实训教学观念和教学方式、实践教学环境、师资水平等因素,能真正体现职业教育课程以职业活动为导向,以素质为基础,以学生为主体,以项目为载体,以实训为手段的设计原则。     

论高校思想政治理论课“实践教学”的实施策略

高校思想政治理论课实践教学是通过思想政治学科的理论传授过程,以学生体验为主体、实践活动为中心、社会实践为平台的开放式教学过程,是将思想政治理论课的课堂实践教学、科研实践教学及社会实践教学三者有机结合起来,构建高校思想政治教育实践教学活动体系。     

高职《会计信息化》信息化教学设计与实践——以“普通采购业务”为例

以就业需求为向导,基于“翻转课堂”的教学理念,以ERP系统里的“普通采购业务”为例,从教学分析、教学策略、教学实施和教学反思四个方面介绍信息化教学设计,以期为相关专业和课程的信息化教学改革提供借鉴.     

管理信息系统课程教学模式探讨

本文结合管理信息系统课程及其教学过程的主要特点,在分析高等学校管理信息系统课程教学存在的主要问题的基础上,对理论教学、实验教学、案例教学、情景教学、网络教学等模式进行了探讨,为改进管理信息系统教学方式方法,激发学生的学习兴趣提供了借鉴。     

基于项目导向的《会展策划》课程改革模式研究

会展策划项目导向教学模式是指在课程的教学中,以需求为导向、工学结合地将理论知识与实际技能结合起来,建立"项目为根本、教师为主导、学生为主体"教学模式、构建多元化的课程实践教学条件、丰富教学方法和教学手段、形成"校、企、学生"评价和考核教学质量的体系,使得会展项目贯穿整个课程的教学过程,是一种提高学生岗位适应能力的新型教学模式。     

电力高等函授教育教学主要环节研究

高等函授教学管理应着重抓好面授、自学、考核和毕业设计等主要教学环节,以此带动其他教学环节,变此过程控制为为目标管理为主,从而形成能达到教育目标的教学全过程的科学管理。     

《市场营销》课程说课稿——市场细分

说课是讲课教师对教学的设计和分析,其内容涉及教材内容的分析、教学目标的确定、教学过程的设计、教学方法的选择、教学效果的评价及其对以上诸项所作的分析。以市场细分这节内容为主题,主要分析了市场细分的整个教学过程。对教材与教学组织、教学方法、学法、教学过程和课程特色进行了研究,特别是针对三本院校的培养目标和学生的实际情况,对教学环节提出具体策略,为三本院校营销课程教学提供全新思路和借鉴价值。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.