淮河源旅游产业发展对生物多样性保护的影响研究

淮河源是我国南北过渡地带生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,近年来快速发展的旅游业对生物多样性保护构成了严重威胁,其主要原因是法规制度不健全、缺乏科学的总体规划与专业管理人员、缺乏有效的社区参与机制及旅游收益转化机制、科普宣教功能不足、部分旅游发展政策不合理、旅游活动对生物多样性的影响评价严重不足。明确区域功能、加强旅游活动中的生物多样性保护宣教、持续发展生态旅游地周边社区经济、完善旅游活动对生物多样性的影响评价、严格旅游活动中的生物多样性保护执法是促进淮河源旅游产业与生物多样性保护协调发展的主要途径。     

城市公园感知生物多样性促进注意力 恢复的影响研究

生物多样性可提供促进心理健康的文化性生态系统 服务。当前，生物多样性对心理健康影响的研究多从“测量生 物多样性”维度出发，而以能够对景观体验者心理产生直接影 响的“感知生物多样性”为视角的探索尚且匮乏。面向城市居 民定向注意力的恢复需求，从感知生物多样性的内涵释义、注 意力恢复的机理解析出发，将高密度高异质性典型城市重庆作 为案例区，以城市中最能与生物多样性接触的“城市公园”为 研究对象，通过量表设计和使用者问卷调查，建构公园感知生 物多样性影响注意力恢复的结构方程模型。探索了感知生物多 样性与注意力恢复间的因果关联，进一步对与其相关的规划策 略制定、设计实践应用及接续研究进行了讨论。旨在为感知生 物多样性导向的疗愈性景观空间规划设计提供有益参考。     

Problems in valuing the benefits of biodiversity protection

This paper considers two problems in valuing the benefits of biodiversity protection. These are, firstly, that preferences for biodiversity protection may be lexicographic rather than utilitarian. The more individuals for whom this is true, the less is cost-benefit analysis validated as a means of decision making for biodiversity protection, since lexicographic preferences are incompatible with the Kaldor-Hicks Compensation Test. Secondly, people may be poorly informed about the meaning of biodiversity, complicating the use of contingent valuation as a means of measuring preservation benefits. This paper first discusses the meaning of biodiversity, and trends in diversity over time. We offer some empirical evidence with regard to lexicographic preferences; consider the implications of having poorly-informed consumers; and then report the results of a contingent valuation study of biodiversity protection with varying levels of information. We find that willingness to pay for biodiversity protection increases with the level of information provided.We thank David Pearce, participants at a seminar at University College London, and two referees for comments on earlier versions of this paper.     

保护生物多样性的生态经济学研究

生物多样性是近年来的环境热点问题之一。长期以来,对生物多样性的研究多局限于自然科学领域,然而,要有效的保护生物多样性必须了解其对人类和在国民经济系统中的重要性,以及生物多样性损失的原因,研究表明,经济上的原因是生物多样性的损失的主要原因,因此,本文从经济学角度来研究,评估生物多样性的经济价值,研究经济活动、经济政策与生物多样性状态之间的联系,并提出生物多样性可持续利用的经济政策。     

Biodiversity pressure and the driving forces behind

Since the UNCED Conference in Rio de Janeiro 1992, the need to actively protect biodiversity is universally acknowledged. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defined biodiversity as comprising ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity, and decided for the ecosystem level as the basis for describing biodiversity. However, due to conceptual problems as much as to the lack of data, so far no comprehensive measurements of biodiversity have been developed. A single measure quantitatively describing biodiversity even seems out of reach due to the incommensurability of the three levels. This makes it impossible to directly base policy decisions on existing or future estimates of the “total size” of biodiversity. Instead, it is suggested to analyse the pressures threatening biodiversity, which can usually be measured quantitatively, and act as the interface between the socioeconomic driving forces behind them and the biological impacts. The drivers (physical primary drivers, politics and policies causing them as secondary and institutional structures as tertiary ones) do not only affect biodiversity, but a range of sustainability problems. The analysis permits to integrate biodiversity risks with broader environmental and sustainability policies, and thus to mainstream biodiversity preservation.Such an analysis is presented for Europe, naming pressures and driving forces and illustrating the close links between the causes of biodiversity pressures and other environmental problems. This way, it is possible to develop first ideas how the standard set of environmental policies must be modified and extended to cover the issue of biodiversity.     

Capturing the pharmaceutical value of biodiversity in a developing country

The conservation of biodiversity is increasingly being defined as a process made up of three components—saving, studying and sustainably using biodiversity. If the conservation of process is expanded to incorporate the need for both the protection of biodiversity—either in situ or ex situ—and the generation of valuable information about biodiversity, an important issue is the correct balance of investment in these two types of activities. This paper explores this issue by focusing on efforts in a developing country to capture the pharmaceutical potential of biodiversity and species information. A model of biodiversity investment choice is developed, and an analysis of royalty returns to effort in biodiversity protection, taxonomic information and the collection of biotic samples is conducted based on data from Costa Rica. The results suggest that although a country can be adequately compensated for its investment in the generation of taxonomic information, it is unlikely that pharmaceutical prospecting alone will cover the high opportunity costs of biodiversity protection.     

基于鸟类多样性提升的社区公园生境 营造策略探析

社区公园是利用率最高的城市绿地类型之一,其生 物多样性水平与居民的健康福祉息息相关。作为生物迁移的踏 脚石和城市生态网络的重要节点,其生物多样性水平的提升对 整体城市生态环境改善十分重要。以北京市4个小型社区公园 为研究区域,以鸟类作为生物多样性指示类群,从公园生境结 构和干扰控制两方面入手,探究基于鸟类多样性提升的社区公 园空间设计策略。相关性分析结果表明,小梯度增加公园面积 或绿地率对小面积的社区公园鸟类多样性影响并不明显。提升 微生境丰富度、植物丰富度、灌木盖度,适当增加竖向层次丰 富的植物空间,增加植被高度及水面的设置对鸟类多样性提升 可产生积极影响。另外,通过地形堆叠、调整植物种植模式来 进行有效的公园边界设计,能够快速削弱外部交通干扰,合理 的功能布局则能对公园内部的游憩干扰起到控制作用。     

水电站建成后保护植物的恢复利用研究——以云南省李仙江土卡河为例

我国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,也是水电资源丰富的国家。多年来,在许多水电站开发后的植被恢复过程中大规模地有意或无意引入外来物种,造成当地的生物多样性丧失,而且很难恢复。文章选择的云南省李仙江土卡河流域为一条国际河流,该流域分布的热带雨林是我国境内生物多样性程度最高、热带生物资源和基因资源最丰富的区域之一。文章根据水电工程建设环境保护工作的实践,分析水电建设对生物多样性的影响,研究水电建设中陆生珍稀保护植物恢复利用情况和具体措施,为今后水电建设生物多样性保护提供借鉴。     

A landscape approach for assessing the biodiversity value of indigenous forest remnants: Case study of the Manawatu/Wanganui region of New Zealand

To halt the decline of biodiversity in New Zealand, the government has formulated a strategy of maintaining and restoring a full range of remaining natural habitats to a healthy functioning state. Many indigenous forest remnants exist on private land, and these could be utilised to increase biodiversity. Resources for conservation of forest remnants are limited, so they must be used wisely to deliver the greatest possible biodiversity gain. This paper presents a rapid method for valuing the biodiversity of a region's indigenous forest remnants to help prioritise conservation resources. The region is divided into environmentally distinct areas called land environments. A detailed land-cover map is derived from satellite imagery and used to estimate the proportion of natural habitats remaining in each land environment; from this the biodiversity value of any forest remnant may be calculated. The method is rapid and does not require detailed biodiversity information. When combined with conservation costs, it may be used to create a priority list of forest remnants for conservation. The Manawatu/Wanganui region of New Zealand is used as a case study to demonstrate the method.     

基于InVEST-MCR复合模型的城市 绿色空间生境网络格局构建研究

城市化进程的不断加快影响了城市绿色空间的生境 质量，城市生物多样性受到极大威胁。构建城市范围内的多物 种综合生境网络能够整合现有的城市绿色空间格局，促进生物 多样性保护与发育。以北京市丰台区为例，面向生物多样性保 护与城市绿色空间发展提出了基于InVEST-MCR复合模型的 城市绿色空间生境网络格局构建方法体系：即以生境类型为导 向选取区域内生物多样性保护的焦点物种，通过大数据选取焦 点物种的栖息源地，基于InVEST模型生境质量模块选取潜在 栖息地(汇)并生成生境网络构建阻力面，采用最小累计阻力 模型(MCR)构建丰台区城市绿色空间生境网络。研究结果明 确了丰台区的生境质量现状与未来生境网络发展脉络，为城市 绿色空间生境网络构建提供了新方法，为丰台区绿地空间格局 规划与生物多样性保护提供了参考框架。     

On the Productive Value of Biodiversity

The paper investigates the value of biodiversity as it relates to the productive value of services provided by an ecosystem. The value of biodiversity is linked with a deterioration in the functioning of the ecosystem. The analysis examines how the value of an ecosystem can be “greater than the sum of its parts”. First, we propose a general measure of the productive value of biodiversity. The measure involves an experiment that divides the ecosystem into sub-systems that are less diverse, keeping aggregate resources constant. Second, the value of biodiversity is decomposed into four components, reflecting the role of complementarity, scale, convexity, and catalytic effects. This provides new and useful information on the sources, determinants and dynamics of biodiversity value. I would like to thank seminar audiences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of Nebraska, and the University of Montpellier and two anonymous reviewers for useful comments on an earlier draft of the paper.     

人类活动对生物多样性的影响

The impact of human activity on biodiversity is very complicated, making it difficult to design practical indicators for assessment. Currently, state and response indicators are listed within Chapter 15 of Agenda 21, but no mention is made of driving force indicators and how they relate to biodiversity protection. This paper repre-sents an effort to identify and then operationalize the idea of driving force indicators at national level Five humaninduced factors affecting biodiversity were discussed: (a) habitat loss and fragmentation; (b) overexploitation of resources; (c) species introduction; (d) pollution; and (e) climate change. From these five factors, a subset was selected to serve as possible driving force indicators: (1) habitat loss, (2) the ratio of exotic species to indigenous ones, and (3) the change in pollution status. Although the three indicators are relatively simple, they cover the most important human impacts on biodiversity and offer the potential for further redefinition and ultimate use within the spirit of biodiversity protection.     

漓江流域风景区生物多样性现状与保护对策研究

本文讨论了漓江风景名胜区及漓江源的生物多样性现状和存在的问题,论述了生物多样性与漓江风景区旅游发展的密切关系,提出了漓江流域生物多样性保护的具体措施,对漓江流域生物多样性保护和漓江风景名胜区旅游可持续发展具有实际指导意义.     

Threshold effects and incentives for the conservation of biodiversity

Biological diversity is a central component of the stock of natural capital on which all economic development is based. Other things being equal, loss of biologically diversity implies loss of development potential, and its conservation through sustainable use or outright protection implies the protection of that potential. One characteristics of biodiversity loss of especial importance is that biodiversity loss, more than any other current environmental problem, is associated with ecological threshold effects. The paper explores the implication of this characteristics for the properties of a biodiversity conservation strategy.     

Climate change as a threat to biodiversity: An application of the DPSIR approach

Climate change and its consequences present one of the most important threats to biodiversity and the functions of ecosystems. The stress on biodiversity is far beyond the levels imposed by the natural global climatic changes occurring in the recent evolutionary past. It includes temperature increases, shifts of climate zones, melting of snow and ice, sea level rise, droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events. Natural systems are vulnerable to such changes due to their limited adaptive capacity. Based on an analysis using the DPSIR framework, this paper discusses some of the important socio-economic driving forces of climate change, with a focus on energy use and transportation. The paper also analyses observed and potential changes of climate and the pressures they exert on biodiversity, the changes in biodiversity, the resulting impacts on ecosystem functions, and possible policy responses. The latter can be divided into mitigation and adaptation measures. Both strategies are needed, mitigation in order to stabilise the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and adaptation in order to adjust to changes that have already occurred or cannot be avoided. One mitigation option, increased biofuel production, which is also a response to oil depletion, would change land use patterns and increase human appropriation of net primary production of biomass, thereby threatening biodiversity. By considering the first order and second order impacts of climate change on biodiversity when developing policy measures, it will be possible to integrate ecosystem and biodiversity protection into decision-making processes.     

Towards an integrated model of socioeconomic biodiversity drivers, pressures and impacts. A feasibility study based on three European long-term socio-ecological research platforms

Effective policies to slow the rate of anthropogenic biodiversity loss should reduce socioeconomic pressures on biodiversity, either directly or by modifying their underlying socioeconomic driving forces. The design of such policies is currently hampered by the limited understanding of socioeconomic drivers of and pressures on biodiversity as well as by lacking data, indicators and models. In order to improve understanding of these issues we here propose a conceptual model of socioeconomic biodiversity drivers and pressures. The model is based on the drivers-pressures-impacts-states-responses (DPSIR) scheme and on the socioeconomic metabolism approach. The aim of the model is to guide research aimed at improving our understanding of socioeconomic biodiversity pressures and drivers and to serve as a basis for the development of formal, quantitative models in that field. Based on three European long-term socio-ecological research (LTSER) platforms, we analyze the model's applicability and suitability as well as data availability and research needs. These platforms are the Danube Delta Wetland System in Romania, the Doñana in Spain and the Eisenwurzen in Austria. An empirical analysis of the relationship between the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) and breeding bird richness in the Eisenwurzen demonstrates the ability of HANPP to provide a link between socioeconomic pressures/drivers and biodiversity. The analysis of the case studies underlines the potential utility of the conceptual model to guide future research into socioeconomic biodiversity drivers and pressures. However, considerable investments in monitoring and reconstruction of past trajectories as well as in model development will be required before mathematical (computer) models of the interrelation processes between society and ecosystems can be successfully deployed.     

生物多样性视角下的植物花粉致敏问题 溯源及景观设计对策研究

工业革命后,世界花粉过敏症发病率不断提高。回 溯了大量医学、生态、环境等领域的相关研究,从生物多样性 的视角总结了花粉致敏现象加剧的原因、作用机制和影响路 径。研究发现,伴随着工业革命后普遍的生境退化和生物多样 性丧失,人体免疫调节回路中的重要环节——环境微生物群落 也在改变和丧失,进而引发了人体免疫功能障碍,表现为过敏 等疾病发病率的上升;而部分绿地中致敏植物种植密度高、植 物多样性低,提升了植物花粉致敏原的浓度,更增加了居民罹 患过敏相关疾病的风险。基于上述发现,提出从源头对致敏植 物进行识别和致敏性评估,因地制宜、合理选用,从而控制空 气中的花粉致敏原;在传播过程中利用空间营造阻挡消解一定 的致敏花粉;通过生境修复和再野化环境微生物群落为人体提 供有益的免疫保护,帮促还原人体微生物与环境微生物在长期 互动中形成的平衡状态。为常见的花粉致敏问题提供了景观研 究思路,为健康导向的景观设计提供了创新视角和理论借鉴, 以期促进基于自然的健康干预计划与环境修复相结合,推动生 物多样性保护与人类健康共同发展。     

Modeling the Economics of Biodiversity and Environmental Heterogeneity

It has long been recognized that major drivers of biodiversity loss include both the harvest of wild species and the conversion of habitat for productive purposes. Land that is converted may or may not be lost as habitat for many species. In some cases, monoculture production for example, land conversion reduces the number niches and hence the level of biodiversity. In other cases, it has the opposite effect. We address the problem of anthropogenic biodiversity change due to the effects of both harvest rates and land use decisions on landscape heterogeneity. If the optimal structure of the landscape is extremely homogeneous, forces of competitive exclusion will lead to a single surviving species. If it is extremely heterogeneous, multiple species will coexist, with each species exclusively dominating the patch type to which it is best suited. Where changes in biodiversity due to changes in landscape heterogeneity are not taken into account in land use decisions, they are external effects of those decisions. We identify measures of these effects.     

Economic prosperity, biodiversity conservation, and the environmental Kuznets curve

Many conservationists contend that economic growth and biodiversity conservation are incompatible goals. Some economists contest this viewpoint, arguing that wealthier countries have the luxury of investing more heavily in efforts to conserve biodiversity. Under this assumption, we expect a U-shaped relationship between per capita wealth and proportion of species conserved. We test this environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) using estimates of per capita income and deforestation rates (index of biodiversity threat) for 35 tropical countries. A prior analysis [Dietz, S., Adger, W.N., 2003. Economic growth, biodiversity loss and conservation effort. Journal of Environmental Management, 68:23-35] using conventional regression techniques failed to provide any support for the parabolic relationship predicted by the EKC hypothesis. Here, we introduce the use of quantile regression and spatial filtering to reanalyze this data, addressing issues of heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation. We note that preliminary analysis using these methods provides some initial evidence for an EKC. However, a series of panel analyses with country-specific dummy variables eliminated or even reversed much of this support. A closer examination of conservation practices and environmental indicators within the countries, particularly those countries that drove our initial support, suggests that wealth is not a reliable indicator of improved conservation practice. Our findings indicate that an EKC for biodiversity is overly simplistic and further exploration is required to fully understand the mechanisms by which income affects biodiversity.     

The Impact of Land-Use Change on Ecosystem Services,Biodiversity and Returns to Landowners: A Case Study in the State of Minnesota

Land-use change has a significant impact on the world’s ecosystems. Changes in the extent and composition of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other ecosystems have large impacts on the provision of ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation and returns to landowners. While the change in private returns to landowners due to land-use change can often be measured, changes in the supply and value of ecosystem services and the provision of biodiversity conservation have been harder to quantify. In this paper we use a spatially explicit integrated modeling tool (InVEST) to quantify the changes in ecosystem services, habitat for biodiversity, and returns to landowners from land-use change in Minnesota from 1992 to 2001. We evaluate the impact of actual land-use change and a suite of alternative land-use change scenarios. We find a lack of concordance in the ranking of baseline and alternative land-use scenarios in terms of generation of private returns to landowners and net social benefits (private returns plus ecosystem service value). Returns to landowners are highest in a scenario with large-scale agricultural expansion. This scenario, however, generated the lowest net social benefits across all scenarios considered because of large losses in stored carbon and negative impacts on water quality. Further, this scenario resulted in the largest decline in habitat quality for general terrestrial biodiversity and forest songbirds. Our results illustrate the importance of taking ecosystem services into account in land-use and land-management decision-making and linking such decisions to incentives that accurately reflect social returns.