国际R&D溢出、产业间贸易流与中国制造业生产率

本文运用三种面板数据的计量方法分析了国内和国际R&D资本通过产业间内联系、国际贸易对中国13个工业行业全要素生产率增长的长期影响。发现国内R&D资本更多的是通过行业间的上下游联系影响工业行业的TFP;同时也发现国际R&D溢出确实对国内工业的技术进步产生了正向外部性,而且其影响系数比国内自身R&D资本的产出弹性都高。在文章的最后我们按行业技术水平的高低进行分组,研究了国内和国际R&D资本对三个不同技术类型行业的TFP的长期影响。     

我国工业行业技术分解测度与技术溢出渠道分析

首先构建了行业内研发、行业间研发和进出口贸易所带来的技术溢出对技术进步、技术效率及全要素生产率影响的计量模型,然后使用数据包络分析法(DEA)计算了我国工业行业效率指数、技术进步指数和表示全要素生产率的Malquist指数,最后使用我国工业行业数据对计量模型进行了估计。结果表明,国内本行业研发和国内其他行业研发提升本行业技术进步指数的同时降低了行业效率指数,行业内研发对全要素生产率的贡献为正,而行业间研发对全要素生产率的贡献不显著,进口和出口对生产效率的提高无显著作用,对技术进步产生了正向的溢出,进口对全要素生产率的贡献为正,而出口对全要素生产率的贡献不显著。     

基于面板数据的制造业国际R&D溢出及生产率增长途径分析

为了检验产业自身科技水平对制造业国际R&D溢出效应及产业生产率提高途径的影响,根据1999—2004年产业R&D平均投入强度,将制造业划分为高、中、低技术产业,然后基于DEA对其全要素生产率变化、技术效率变化和技术进步变化指数进行测算,最后实证检验了国内本产业、国内其它产业、国外本产业R&D资本对上述3类产业全要素生产率变化、技术效率变化和技术进步变化的不同影响。结果表明:国外R&D资本对高技术企业存在显著的正向技术溢出效应,而对于中、低技术产业来说,本产业R&D资本是生产率提高的主要来源。根据上述分析结果,对我国的产业研发投入、国际贸易政策的制定提出了建议。     

国际贸易、技术进步和中国工业行业的生产率增长

新贸易理论认为,国际贸易是技术进步的重要原因。本文采用DEA方法将中国32个工业行业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步的增长,分别就出口和进口对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们发现,在1998-2003年期间,工业行业的全要素生产率增长的原因主要是各行业的技术进步增长,而不是技术效率的提高;贸易开放度高的行业并不比贸易开放度低的行业具有更高的技术效率和规模效率;出口和生产率增长的关系不显著;但进口显著地促进了工业行业的全要素生产率增长和技术进步的增长。所以,调整中国的进、出口贸易模式显得很有必要。     

外商在华直接投资区域聚集非均衡性的实证研究

新贸易理论认为,国际贸易是技术进步的重要原因。本文采用DEA方法将中国32个工业行业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步的增长,分别就出口和进口对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们发现,在1998—2003年期间,工业行业的全要素生产率增长的原因主要是各行业的技术进步增长,而不是技术效率的提高;贸易开放度高的行业并不比贸易开放度低的行业具有更高的技术效率和规模效率;出口和生产率增长的关系不显著;但进口显著地促进了工业行业的全要素生产率增长和技术进步的增长。所以,调整中国的进、出口贸易模式显得很有必要。     

国际R&D溢出与生产率增长——基于APEC视角的动态面板数据分析

本文从服务贸易进口、FDI流入和生产率积聚效应等方面扩展了CH模型,并以APEC成员作为研究对象,运用动态面板数据模型和脉冲响应函教研究了全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步的动态变化规律,得出了全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步存在显著的积聚效应;本国R&D资本存量有助于提升技术效率,但是能否促进技术进步刖依赖于R&D投入强度;和通过服务贸易渠道获得的国际R&D溢出对全要素生产率和技术进步均有显著的促进作用等三个一般性结论.     

进口贸易与工业行业全要素生产率

本文利用我国三位码工业行业的月度面板数据,依据扩展的R&D与生产率方程同时控制物化型、非物化型溢出与竞争效应,发现进口竞争与物化型溢出具有显著正相关关系;在此基础上,还发现进口贸易对三位码工业行业的全要素生产率和技术效率具有直接的负溢出效应;而且,大部分三位码工业行业面临着日益激烈的进口竞争,引致了行业内和行业间正向的要素再配置过程,并通过提高技术效率的方式最终促进了工业行业全要素生产率的增长。     

国际R&D溢出、前沿技术和吸收能力——基于中国13个工业行业面板数据的研究

大量研究表明,国际贸易和国际R&D溢出对发展中国家的国内生产率提升有着重要作用。基于随机前沿生产函数,测算中国13个工业行业在由国际上技术领先国家的R&D资本决定的前沿生产边界下的技术效率水平(实际生产与生产边界的距离)后发现,通过国际贸易这一渠道,技术领先国家的R&D资本对中国确实产生了技术溢出;相对于高技术行业,中国传统制造业反而越接近前沿技术边界;人力资本、国内R&D投入、FDI对吸收国际R&D溢出和先进技术转移都有着显著的促进作用,从而验证了人力资本和国内R&D投入在经济增长中的两面性。由此可得到如下启示,一是要提高R&D资本和人力资本的回报率以鼓励企业进行研发和社会对教育的投入;二是在技术赶超的路途上,应该循序渐进以引进和利用符合目前中国技术现状的适宜技术为主。     

总需求、国际贸易与我国省际生产率变化——基于省际面板数据的研究

全要素生产率的提高是促进经济持续增长的重要原因,对生产率的研究,主要是从供给方面展开的,本文试图从需求角度研究全要素生产率变动的原因。理论上看,总需求通过影响技术创新、技术选择、规模经济效益和要素的使用效率等途径引起生产率的变化,国际贸易则通过促进分工深化、产生技术溢出等促进生产率的提高。然后,本文采用数据包络分析方法测算了中国省际全要素生产率变化,并将其分解为技术效率的变化和技术进步。结果发现中国改革开放以来全要素生产率增长主要是技术进步的结果,技术效率的作用很小。在测算和分解的基础上,利用省际面板数据,就总需求和国际贸易对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析,发现最终消费和资本形成对技术进步和全要素生产率的提高作用显著,出口对生产率增长的作用不显著,进口显著地促进了省际全要素生产率增长和技术进步。     

技术的公共品或私人品特性与国际技术溢出效应：基于我国的实证分析

本文在假设技术/知识的公共品或私人品特性条件下,研究分析了以进口贸易和FDI为传导机制的国际技术溢出对我国全要素生产率的影响。分析结果表明:通过进口贸易和FDI传导的国际R&D资本、国内R&D资本与我国全要素生产率之间存在稳定的长期均衡关系;技术的公共品或私人品特性不同,技术溢出对我国技术进步产生的影响也存在显著差异。     

ChinHow R&D Investments Influence TFP Growth: Evidence from China’s Large and Medium- Sized Industrial Enterprises

This paper investigates the potential channels through which R&D may influence TFP growth using industry-level panel data of China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises over the period of 2000–2007. Comparing with existing literature, we provide a closer look of the relationship between R&D and TFP growth by decomposing TFP growth into efficiency change and technical change components using Malmquist productivity index and distinguishing between upstream R&D spillovers and downstream R&D spillovers. We find TFP grow slightly during 2000–2007, and R&D investment indeed serves as an engine of productivity growth just as endogenous growth theories argued, which is largely because R&D accelerates technical progress even it also results in enlarging technical inefficiency. However, we find a robust negative effect of downstream R&D spillovers on TFP growth, the effects of upstream is positive but not statistically significant. In addition, we do not find the positive effects of human capital on TFP as endogenous growth theories indicated, but find human capital severs as “assimilation device” for R&D spillovers both in promoting TFP growth and increasing technical efficiency even the effects on technical progress is adverse.     

The pattern of international patenting and technology diffusion

The article focuses on the impact of R&D expenditure on labour productivity using international patent applications as a technology diffusion indicator. Considering the relationship between research and productivity, the pattern of international patenting reflects the channel between the source and the destination of transferred technology. Accounting for nonstationarity and cointegration, I find that patent-related foreign R&D spillovers are present for a panel of 18 OECD countries. Moreover, nonG7 OECD countries benefit more from foreign rather than domestic R&D activities. Estimates also show that there is no significant spillover effect from bilateral trade, but confirm the impact of FDI on domestic labour productivity.     

技术吸收能力对技术溢出和全要素生产率的影响——基于1995—2009年中国省区面板数据

利用1995—2009年我国28个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,采用数据包络分析法,实证检验了地区的技术吸收能力对地区获得的技术溢出及其全要素生产率的影响。研究表明:省际技术溢出以及来自进出口贸易、FDI和ODI渠道的技术溢出都是影响地区TFP及其分解变量——技术进步、技术效率的重要因素;人力资本、制度因素、技术差距和吸收能力综合变量通过与技术溢出发生交互作用,对地区TFP、技术效率和技术进步产生显著影响。     

International R&D Spillovers: Trade,FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels*

With the rapid pace of economic integration, the productivity of a country depends not only on domestic R&D, but also on foreign R&D through technology diffusion across countries. The advancement of information technology (IT) has made the international transmission of knowledge faster and more efficient, providing an important channel for international R&D spillovers. This paper investigates three channels of international R&D spillovers: trade, FDI, and information technology. Applying panel cointegration and dynamic OLS analysis to the data for 21 OECD countries plus Israel during the period from 1981 to 1998, we find that bilateral trade remains an important conduit for international R&D spillovers. Although bilateral FDI is found to be positively related to international R&D spillovers, their impact on productivity growth is relatively small. We also find that the development of information technology has played a more important role in international R&D spillovers and productivity growth in recent years.     

R&D spillovers, information technology and telecommunications, and productivity in ASIA and the OECD

This paper examines the role research and development (R&D) plays in technology progress for a sample of OECD and Asian economies from 1980 to 1995. An empirical model is estimated which relates total factor productivity to domestic and foreign R&D activity, trade, and information technology and telecommunications (ITT). Model estimates confirm a positive relationship between national productivity and R&D activity exists in the long run. Further, the benefits of R&D can spillover countries through trade, in particular, trade in ITT equipment.     

An empirical note on international R&D spillovers

Whether international R&D spillovers are global and trade-related is still a debated issue. By adopting two specifications that nest models previously estimated in the literature, we test the hypothesis that international R&D spillovers are global and trade-unrelated for a sample of OECD countries over the period 1971–2004. In particular, via a randomization exercise, we reject the null hypothesis of a “global pool of technology” and show that there are partitions of countries associated with relatively strong/weak knowledge spillovers. Then, we estimate a nonlinear specification that includes simultaneously geographical distance and international trade among the determinants of domestic TFP. We find robust evidence that both factors affect how foreign knowledge impacts on the domestic productivity of each recipient country.     

How R&;D investments influence TFP growth: Evidence from China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises

This paper investigates the potential channels through which R&D may influence TFP growth using industry-level panel data of China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises over the period of 2000–2007. Comparing with existing literature, we provide a closer look of the relationship between R&D and TFP growth by decomposing TFP growth into efficiency change and technical change components using Malmquist productivity index and distinguishing between upstream R&D spillovers and downstream R&D spillovers. We find TFP grow slightly during 2000–2007, and R&D investment indeed serves as an engine of productivity growth just as endogenous growth theories argued, which is largely because R&D accelerates technical progress even it also results in enlarging technical inefficiency. However, we find a robust negative effect of downstream R&D spillovers on TFP growth, the effects of upstream is positive but not statistically significant. In addition, we do not find the positive effects of human capital on TFP as endogenous growth theories indicated, but find human capital severs as “assimilation device” for R&D spillovers both in promoting TFP growth and increasing technical efficiency even the effects on technical progress is adverse.     

Technology spillover effects and economic integration: evidence from integrating EU countries

The article uses time series for the period 1981–2008 to estimate the impact of foreign technology spillover effects on Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, representing the integrating European Union (EU) countries. I restrict technology diffusion to EU-12 countries and compare the results to unrestricted technology diffusion from a sample of 32 OECD countries. Accounting for nonstationarity and co-integration, the dynamic OLS estimator is used to estimate the impact of foreign R&D stock on labour productivity, taking into account patent-, trade- and FDI-related technology diffusion channels. I find empirical evidence for trade-related foreign technology spillover effects for Greece and Ireland if technology diffusion is unrestricted. Restricting technology diffusion to EU-12 countries, there are significant foreign technology spillover effects from European integration for Portugal (patent related) and Spain (trade and FDI related). Moreover, the domestic R&D stock and education are significant drivers for labour productivity in integrating EU countries. The empirical results are robust for different regression specifications and sources of technology diffusion.     

出口贸易、FDI与中国农产品加工业全要素生产率——基于行业面板数据的实证分析

通过利用中国农产品加工业12个子行业的面板数据,首先运用DEA的Malmquist方法测算了中国农产品加工业全要素生产率及其分解,之后重点考察了包括出口贸易和外商直接投资在内的各因素对全要素生产率的影响。研究结果发现:在2001-2011年期间,中国农产品加工业全要素生产率整体处于上升趋势,支持了中国农产品加工业全要素生产率平均增长率上升的动力主要来自于技术进步;出口贸易的发展对农产品加工业全要素生产率和技术效率的提高作用并不明显;外商直接投资所带来的技术溢出对于提高中国农产品加工业的全要素生产率有较好的促进作用。根据研究结论,文章得到的政策启示是:提升农产品加工业出口贸易对全要素生产率的正向作用;强化外商直接投资所带来的技术溢出效应;提高农产品加工业人力资本水平;改善农产品加工业RD投入结构和市场环境;改进农产品加工业的规模经济效应。