TRIZ理论应用于R & D联盟并行创新管

R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论开展并行创新活动,有助于缩短R&D周期,提高R&D成功率,但同时会增加联盟创新管理的复杂性。通过R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论对创新管理产生影响的分析,提出了R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论开展并行创新管理的方法设计思路。综合运用TRIZ理论的技术预测法、最终理想解法、分离原理以及解释结构模型法与逆向工程思想等,设计R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论开展并行创新管理的方法,提出并行创新管理方法实施的保障策略,旨在为R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论开展创新活动提供管理方法支持与借鉴。     

TRIZ理论应用于R&D联盟并行创新管理方法研究

R &D联盟应用TRIZ理论开展并行创新活动,有助于缩短R&D周期,提高R&D成功率,但同时会增加联盟创新管理的复杂性.通过R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论对创新管理产生影响的分析,提出了R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论开展并行创新管理的方法设计思路.综合运用TRIZ理论的技术预测法、最终理想解法、分离原理以及解释结构模型法与逆向工程思想等,设计R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论开展并行创新管理的方法,提出并行创新管理方法实施的保障策略,旨在为R&D联盟应用TRIZ理论开展创新活动提供管理方法支持与借鉴.     

R&D联盟—成员博弈模型设计

知识经济时代,R&D联盟成为企业谋求发展的关键。然而,R&D联盟的失败率却居高不下,主要原因在于"虽然R&D联盟各成员基于共同发展愿景与战略目标成立联盟,但是不同成员与联盟之间仍然存在利益冲突或不一致现象,最终导致联盟破裂"。可见,科学确定成员与联盟的博弈行为,维持联盟发展成为当前的一项重要研究任务。因此,从成员成本确定、成员收益确定、成员理性决策3个环节设计基于显性资源和基于隐性资源的成员—联盟博弈模型,并给出创造成员—联盟期望交集的具体方法,对R&D联盟决策者科学制定联盟发展战略,实现联盟持续发展具有重要意义。     

不同R&D资源对技术创新新颖性的影响研究

采用对我国226家企业的调研数据,实证检验了企业的R&D资源和技术保护机制对创新的影响。研究结果表明:内部R&D资源能够促进突变性创新;外部R&D资源能够促进渐进性创新;技术保护机制对突变性创新和渐进性创新均产生正向影响,并且技术保护机制在外部R&D资源和渐进性创新之间有显著的中介作用。这一研究结果表明,我国企业需要根据所拥有的R&D资源选择不同的技术创新模式,以便在各个创新层面都取得良好的收益。并且,我国企业应该充分认识到技术保护机制对利用外部R&D资源促进渐进性创新的重要性。     

虚拟R & D联盟创新效能指标体系与集成评价模型

虚拟研发联盟是虚拟组织理念渗透于企业和研发机构而形成的一种R&D联盟新模式。在参考相关文献资料的前提下,从研发集成性、技术敏捷性、知识协同性及资源共享性4个维度,构建了虚拟R&D联盟创新效能评价指标体系,运用网络层次和灰色关联集成评价法,对无锡市物联网产业虚拟R&D联盟创新效能进行了实证分析,并提出了虚拟R&D联盟创新效能提升的对策和建议。     

高新技术企业R & D联盟伙伴匹配性分形评价研究

为实现高新技术企业R&D联盟伙伴优化组合,提高R&D联盟运行效率,充分发挥R&D联盟的综合优势,针对高新技术企业R&D联盟的特点与目的,对R&D联盟伙伴匹配性进行了界定,分析筛选了影响R&D联盟伙伴匹配性的主要因素,构建了高新技术企业R&D联盟伙伴匹配性评价指标体系,设计了指标评分规则,提出了分形评价方法,并以华为R&D联盟伙伴选择作为实证分析对象,对其R&D联盟伙伴的匹配性进行了评价,结果表明华为选择的R&D联盟伙伴的匹配程度高,符合华为R&D联盟的实际情况。     

R&D资源错配与绿色创新效率损失——基于中国高技术产业的实证分析

基于中国高技术产业数据,测算R&D资源错配并实证分析其造成的绿色创新效率损失。从理论上分析不同R&D资源错配造成绿色创新效率损失的具体机理,采用中国内地省级高技术产业数据,结合反事实方法,测算R&D资源错配造成的绿色创新效率损失情况。结果表明,2000—2018年,中国高技术产业绿色创新效率呈不断上升趋势,但整体水平仍较低;中国高技术产业存在明显的R&D资源错配问题,R&D资本和R&D人力错配均属于资源配置过多的情况;R&D资源错配对绿色创新效率具有显著抑制作用,整体上造成中国高技术产业绿色创新效率损失值为0.0614,损失率达26.4%。基于此,必须持续推动要素市场化改革,激发市场活力,消除要素流动障碍,促进R&D资本和R&D人力在区域间合理配置。     

联盟网络企业创新资源与创新绩效关系实证研究

考察了联盟网络企业中创新资源的维度,分析了不同创新资源与创新绩效间的关系以及影响路径;在对330家联盟网络企业的创新资源状况进行问卷调查的基础上,运用有效调查数据验证了联盟网络企业创新资源与创新绩效之间的关系。实证结果表明,企业有形创新资源和无形创新资源与创新绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系。     

从关系资本理论看战略联盟的伙伴关系管理

随着战略联盟在全世界范围内的兴起，战略联盟伙伴关系管理日益重要。本根据战略联盟的关系资本理论，分析了战略联盟伙伴关系管理的经济学意义在于促进获得与联盟伙伴的关系性资源，促进战略联盟关系资本的形成、维持与增值，从而促进关系性租金的获得，最终增强联盟绩效，形成企业的独特竞争优势与能力。     

社会网络视角下R&D联盟网络的形成路径研究

在界定和分析R&D联盟网络内涵和特点的基础上,运用自组织理论和社会网络中的强弱关系理论,探讨了R&D联盟网络的形成路径,并以我国台湾某R&D联盟网络的形成为例进行了实证分析。结论认为,R&D联盟网络是通过基于强关系和弱关系的自组织、政府推动的他组织以及二者相结合的混合组织3条路径形成的,而且R&D联盟网络的形成需要研发企业和政府的共同努力。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.