Is market liberalism adaptive? Rethinking F. A. Hayek on moral evolution

Hayek’s social theory of evolution suggests that market liberal morality is adaptive for social groups. He justified the evolutionary superiority of market liberalism by asserting that groups operating under a market liberal morality would have a higher capacity to expand and reproduce than groups with alternative tribal moralities. Thus, market liberal groups would be favoured through cultural and genetic group selection. But in fact, market liberal morality reveals maladaptive tendencies and remains insufficiently powerful to create adaptive social groups. Hayek’s dismissal of moral tribalism in favour of market liberal morality is found to underestimate the importance of tribal goals in the evolutionary system.     

我国上市公司社会责任信息披露的动因及对策

随着经济的发展,企业的社会责任的履行情况一直都备受关注,尤其是近年来发生的一系列企业社会责任事件,说明我国企业社会责任的履行情况比较不尽如人意。文章根据当前我国企业社会责任的履行现状,分析影响企业社会责任信息披露的因素,并提出改善信息披露的几点拙见。     

Hayek’s 1945 Finlay Memorial Lecture: Tracing the origins and evolution of his ‘true’ individualism

Hayek’s original 1945 University College Dublin lecture outlined the origins and evolution of two different interpretations of ‘individualism’, comparing and contrasting what Hayek terms ‘true’ and ‘false’ individualism notwithstanding the misleading contemporary interpretations and distorted perceptions of the assumptions underlining ‘true’ individualism. Hayek developed and extended the Scottish Enlightenment theory of spontaneous order originally formulated by Adam Ferguson’s maxim that social order was the result of unintended human action rather than the result of deliberate human design in order to explain the origin of complex social structures, which originated in a Cromwellian maxim. The origination and inspiration for the title of Hayek’s lecture is also considered, as is the influence of other thinkers; Mandeville, Tocqueville, Mill, Acton and Schatz that Hayek cites in his Dublin lecture.     

The Freiburg school and the Hayekian challenge

At first sight and in terms of explicit references, the relationship between Hayek and the early Freiburg School seems to have been one of mutually benign neglect. It took several decades before the “Hayekian challenge” was fully understood in Freiburg; in a way one could even argue that the challenge arrived in Freiburg only with Hayek himself in 1962. This delay can mostly be explained by different foci of attention. Hayek’s evolutionary economics and his classical-liberal social philosophy centers around the problem of private, dispersed knowledge. The (early) Freiburg School’s economics and its ordo-liberal social philosophy centers around the problem of private, concentrated power. This difference of perspective has consequences and can partly be explained by the different intellectual sources the proponents were drawing upon, and the different political struggles they were engaged in.     

Hayek’s monetary theory and policy: A note on alleged inconsistency

Challenging the dominant view, we claim that Hayek’s monetary views did not significantly change over his lifetime. The prevalent perception of early Hayek as a money stream stabilizer and late Hayek as a price level stabilizer is attributable to an unjustified normative interpretation of Hayek’s positive analysis. We argue that in his contributions to monetary theory, Hayek took the goals of monetary policy as exogenously given and analysed the efficiency of different means of achieving them. Hayek’s allegedly inconsistent transformation from a critic to an advocate of price level stabilization is explained by a change of issues under his focus, rather than by a change in his positive views. We also claim that Hayek was always aware that every practical monetary policy involves difficult trade-offs and that he was therefore reluctant to impose his own value judgments on what people should strive for.     

论和谐社会视阈下的大学生责任意识的培育

在整个道德体系中,责任意识居于最高的层次。大学生具备良好的责任意识是保证他们顺利走上社会、实现人生价值的重要条件,是促进其健康成长,完善道德素养的内在动力,是构建社会主义和谐社会的基石。然而目前由于受种种不良因素的影响,有些大学生责任意识淡漠甚至缺失,在一定程度上阻碍了和谐校园乃至和谐社会建设的顺利进行。所以加强大学生责任意识的培育,塑造和提升大学生的社会责任感,具有重要的现实意义。     

员工企业社会责任感知影响人力资源管理效能？—基于领导行为的协同中介

通过对贵州、广东和福建3个省80家企业1148名员工进行调研,基于员工对企业社会责任、领导行为感知对人力资源管理效能带来积极影响为研究问题构建了一个中介模型。企业社会责任在组织微观层面的内涵越来越得到企业的重视,实现了员工的企业社会责任由产出需求转向投资视角,成为企业满足员工工作需要和工作资源的参照标准体系,有利于提升企业人力资源管理效能。本文研究发现:企业社会责任分别从企业经济责任、法律责任、伦理责任和自行裁量责任影响人力资源管理效能;变革型领导和交易型领导对企业社会责任和人力资源管理效能具有协同中介作用。研究结论对于企业社会责任、领导行为和人力资源管理三者匹配具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

世界企业社会责任研究与实践概述

文章对当今世界企业社会责任领域的学术研究和实践情况进行概述。对企业社会责任研究领域的基本概念、理论、该领域研究的主要课题等进行简要介绍。对实践领域中企业社会责任活动的基本争议,企业社会责任活动的动因,企业社会责任与经济、政治和环境的关系,企业社会责任量具的发展,国际社会企业社会责任发展状况等进行概述。     

企业社会责任探析

企业社会责任是当前社会各界普遍关注的热点问题。虽然企业是履行社会责任的主体,但企业社会责任的实现需要包括企业在内的各种力量的互动,即政府、企业、社会、公众和消费者的广泛参与和推动,法律规范与社会监督是企业履行社会责任的强大推动力。     

中国企业社会责任博弈分析

本文通过企业、政府、社会利益博弈分析指出,如果没有中央政府的监管,企业与地方政府必然从自身利益最大化出发,做出有损于社会的行为.如果中央政府对企业社会责任治理策略进行选择,其最佳策略是加大对地方政府,而不是对企业的监管.     

Is social justice for or against liberty? The philosophical foundations of Mill and Hayek’s theory of liberty

By comparing the philosophical foundations of Mill and Hayek’s theory of liberty, this paper shows that some similarities in the economic theories of Mill and Hayek are actually based on different rationales. It follows that any attempt to find a common thread in Mill and Hayek to provide reasonable guidance for social policy can be promising only if we can find the common ground from their social philosophy. While analyzing the rationales behind their opinions regarding the role of government and taxation policies, this paper will focus on exploring the role of two philosophical ideas, liberty, and justice. This will clarify the relationship between social justice and liberty as well as their status in relation to the ultimate principle of rules in the philosophy of Mill and Hayek. This paper will offer an explanation why, in Mill’s utilitarian philosophy, the pursuit of social justice aligns with the real freedom of everyone, but in Hayek’s philosophy, it is a hindrance.     

消费者的企业社会责任认知研究

本文在对企业社会责任(CSR)相关文献分析、研究的基础上,从消费者的视角出发构建企业社会责任构成模型,研究消费者认知CSR的维度。通过对问卷数据的分析,发现产品自身质量、售后服务、商业道德、危机事件的处理、公益行为及管理层社会形象这6个方面构成了消费者对企业社会责任的认知,这对企业树立良好的社会形象、增加企业的知名度与美誉度具有重要的指导意义。     

Entrepreneurship and envy

This paper is a critical evaluation of Hayek's “Atavism of social justice” thesis, suggesting an alternative explanation of the widespread demands for social justice in contemporary society. It is based on the analysis of the nature of entrepreneurship and its tendency to incite envy. The advantages of the proposed explanation include a better understanding of the persistent hostility against commerce and the market system and the possibility of a systematic exploration of the factors which make the demand for social justice stronger or weaker. An earlier draft was presented at the Friedrich August von Hayek Memorial Symposium, Bleibach, Germany, June 9–12, 1993. I thank the participants of the symposium for their helpful comments and suggestions.     

Sen is not a capability theorist†

This paper aims to clarify the status of capability in Sen’s idea of justice. Sen’s name is so widely associated with the concept of capability that commentators often assume that his contribution to the study of justice amounts to a capability theory, albeit underdeveloped. We argue that such a reading is misleading. Taking Sen’s reticence about operationalization seriously, we show that his contribution is inconsistent with a capability theory. Instead, we defend the idea that the capability approach plays a heuristic role: capability is a step in his argument against alternative materials, but is not meant as a definitive end. Sen defends a critical perspective primarily to encourage public reasoning and respect for agency as regards the definition of what should count in the evaluation of social states.     

论企业可持续发展与企业社会责任

企业可持续发展和企业社会责任不是一对不可调和的矛盾,两者不是分离的、对立的,而是相互促进、相互协调的,两者统一于企业和社会的发展过程之中。在将企业可持续发展与企业社会责任结合起来进行探讨和研究,并阐述两者共性的基础上,系统而全面的论述了两者的内在深层次的相互关系,以期为企业更好的履行社会责任、促进可持续发展提供理论参考。     

企业社会责任问题辨析

企业社会责任是近几年来全球最热的经济话题之一,但是我国对企业社会责任这个舶来品还存在许多模糊甚至错误的认识,不利于企业社会责任的理论研究与实践.文章基于ISO26000框架,在给出企业社会责任内涵的基础上,就社会责任的相关问题进行了辨析.企业社会责任是指企业为其决策与运营活动给自然生态环境和利益相关方带来的不利影响而应履行的基本义务.对现代企业来说,社会责任不仅仅只是一种自律性的“软”约束,更是一种他律性的“硬”约束;社会责任不仅仅是企业家的社会责任,更是企业必须履行的基本义务;企业履行社会责任绝不是增加负担,相反它是企业基业长青的前提;SA8000只涉及企业劳工实践和人权主题,而ISO26000则为企业社会责任管理提供了一个较为全面的解决方案     

“渐进”还是“激进”？家族涉入视角下企业社会责任与双元创新行为

企业社会责任行为和创新能力是市场发展的重要基石，在家族涉入情形下，企业社会责任实践及创新偏好一直存在很多争议。基于家族企业治理理论，探讨家族企业社会责任与双元创新的关系，将家族传承期中的二代交接作为调节机制，研究其在两者间的调节效应。利用2009-2018年中国家族上市企业数据为研究样本进行实证分析，结果发现：企业社会责任行为给企业创新带来了大量有效资源，对家族企业利用式创新和开发式创新行为均能起到促进效应。但与开发式创新相比，企业社会责任对利用式创新行为的促进作用更加显著。在考虑家族传承这一情景因素后，二代交接导致企业呈现出较为保守的战略导向，其正向调节企业社会责任与利用式创新的关系；而对于开发式创新而言，其调节效应恰好相反。从家族企业社会责任视角出发，对创新类别进行划分，有助于加深对家族企业创新行为的认识。     

参加异地商会能抑制企业避税吗？

异地商会作为构建多元共治的社会治理新格局的重要主体,是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要力量。本文以2010—2022年沪深A股上市公司为样本,考察了异地商会对企业避税的治理效应。研究发现：参加异地商会可以有效抑制企业的避税行为;机制检验结果表明,异地商会主要发挥服务会员和服务社会职能,通过缓解外源融资约束和强化社会责任意识两条路径削弱会员企业的避税动机,进而降低企业避税程度。进一步的研究发现：异地商会对于企业避税的抑制效果主要体现在税收征管力度较强、机构投资者持股比例较大和分析师关注度较高的企业中,这说明在治理企业避税方面,参加异地商会与税务部门征管、机构投资者监督和分析师跟踪存在叠加效应,即异地商会能否发挥税收治理效应取决于政府和市场机制是否有效。本文从企业避税视角丰富了异地商会的治理效应研究,从社会组织视角拓展了企业避税的影响因素文献,为促进异地商会健康有序发展、推动社会组织参与社会治理实践、健全共建共治共享的社会治理制度提供经验参考。     

Darwinian paradigm,cultural evolution and human purposes: on F.A. Hayek’s evolutionary view of the market

The claim that the Darwinian paradigm of blind-variation-and-selective-retention can be generalized from the biological to the socio-cultural realm has often been questioned because of the critical role played by human purposeful design in the process of cultural evolution. In light of the issue of how human purposes and evolutionary forces interact in socio-economic processes the paper examines F.A. Hayek’s arguments on the “extended order” of the market (capitalism), in particular with regard to their policy implications. Its focus is on the tension that exists in Hayek’s work between a rational liberal and an agnostic evolutionary perspective. A re-construction of his arguments is suggested that allows for a reconciliation of these seemingly contradictory views.