略论新增外汇储备结构与货币内生性之关系

通过对新增外汇储备三部分与我国货币内生性关系的分析,鉴于我国近年外汇储备迅速增长的现状,得出结论:除了在整体上控制外汇盈余数量外,还需加强对外汇储备结构的调控,特别需要加强对进出口项下的外汇流动控制.要积极改进我国的外汇管理体制.     

我国外汇储备与货币政策研究

外汇储备是一种国际清偿力，是一国政府用以清算国际收支差额、干预外汇市场以调节本国货币汇率的一种国际储备资产，一国外汇储备的增长与经济发展和金融体制改革密切相关。从建国到现在，我国外汇储备经历了曲折的发展过程，特别是1994年外汇体制改革建立以市场供求为基础的、有管理的浮动汇率制，实行结售汇制度，实现汇率并轨，我国外汇储备量大幅度增长。尤其是2000年以后，我国外汇储备的增长速度骤然加快，其中我国外汇储备的结构中，资本项目顺差所占的比重明显上升，成为近年来新增外汇储备的主要来源，同时，我国对外贸易顺差逐年减少，对外汇储备增加的贡献逐年减弱，而且外债规模扩大，短期外债快速增多，投机性外汇资本的流入，对国外汇储备增长起了推波助澜的作用。虽然充裕的外汇储备可以增强我国综合国力，提高我国的国际资信力，但是，外汇储备并非越多越好，持有储备需要付出一定的成本，1994年外汇体制改革之后，随着我国外汇储备规模大幅度增加，要求对适度外汇储备规模进行理论和政策上的研究。     

略论我国巨额外汇储备对从紧货币政策的影响

外汇储备作为一国经济金融实力的标志,它是弥补本国国际收支逆差、稳定本国汇率以及维持本国国际信誉的物质基础,但外汇储备并非多多益善.尤其对我国2008年开始实行的从紧货币政策而言,巨额的外汇储备导致的外汇占款会形成强大的压力,以至削弱货币政策的有效性.从我国外汇储备状况的现实入手,分析了我国外汇储备迅猛增长的原因及巨额外汇储备对我国从紧货币政策造成的压力.     

日本外汇储备管理对我国的启示

近年来,日本外汇储备一直不断增长,在外汇管理过程中具有效益好、干预外汇市场成本低的特点。日本采用双层次管理体系,建立了较为完备的外汇储备风险管理体制,以藏汇于民的方式来管理外汇取得较好效果。我国外汇储备规模不断扩大,如何管理成为重要问题。借鉴日本外汇管理方式,完善我国外汇储备风险机制、实施外汇新政将有助于提高我国外汇储备管理效果。     

关于我国外汇储备的适度性与量的思考

一、我国外汇储备发展的现状及其成因 进入90年代以来。我国的外汇储备迅猛增长。特别是在1994年外汇管理体制实行改革之后,外汇储备的增长势头更为明显,如下表所示:     

对我国外汇储备问题的若干思考

我国国际收支的连年顺差,境外热钱不断流入,人民币升值压力的进一步增大,再加上我国长期实行的外汇制度等原因,使我国外汇储备大幅增加,而且已经是过量增长.而过多的外汇储备量,会给我国带来一定的风险和损失,包括通货膨胀带来的损失、美元贬值带来的损失以及存在的机会成本等.因此,要从控制增量、合理使用和配置资产以及改革现行外汇制度等角度出发,对我国外汇储备进行合理的控制.     

浅谈中国外汇储备过高的利与弊

中国的外汇储备量显示中国已经彻底摆脱了目前仍在困扰大多数发展中国家经济发展的外汇缺口.拥有如此巨大的外汇储备,意味着我国有着充裕的国际支付能力,不会被债务危机或压制本币汇率的投机性货币攻击打倒.当然,巨额外汇储备也蕴涵一定的负面效应.在抑制外汇储备增长的过程中,作为一个发展中国家我们需要对此进行全面的权衡,制定合理有效的外汇管理体系.     

论中国两万亿外汇储备的形成原因

近几年,我国外汇储备出现超常规增长,截至2009年6月末,央行宣布国家外汇储备余额巳达2.1316万亿美元.国际收支的双顺差和外汇管理体制只是我国外汇储备快速增长的直接原因,人民币升值的助推和国内宏观经济运行的结构性矛盾才是导致我国巨额外汇储备的深层次内因.因此,在解决我国高额外汇储备问题时应注重解决国内宏观经济的内在矛盾.     

浅析我国外汇储备

我国外汇储备自2000年以来持续攀升引发国内外学者对我国外汇储备管理的高度关注.本文从外汇储备增长速度过快给经济带来的负面效应着手,分析了外汇增长速度过快的主要原因,并针对原因提出了相应的政策建议,以保证在外汇储备适度增长的同时能够提高外汇储备的运作效率.     

如何善用外汇储备

随着中国经济的发展和市场开放度的提高,中国的外汇储备量急剧增长.与此同时,高额外汇储备是好是坏的争论也愈演愈烈.但从我国宏观调控的四大目标分析,目前我国面临的关键问题应是如何利用好外汇储备,笔者参照国外经验,根据我国国情,提出自己的建议.     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988–2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988–1990 period and the 1991–2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。