地方政府土地财政依赖一定会推高城市一级土地市场化水平吗? ——基于2003—2015年中国省级面板数据的检验

研究目的：在深入分析地方政府土地财政依赖对城市一级土地市场作用机理的基础上，利用2003—2015年中国31个省（市、区）（不包括港澳台地区）的面板数据进行计量检验，测定地方政府土地财政依赖度对城市一级土地市场化率的影响程度。研究方法：计量经济分析方法。研究结果：为弥补地方政府土地财政缺口的刚性需求，地方政府领导人会权变地选择一级土地市场上各类用地的出让方式和出让量。土地财政依赖度与城市一级土地市场化率之间存在倒U型关系。研究结论：当土地财政依赖度与一级土地市场化率均较低时，地方政府会在一级土地市场上出让土地时适当增加“招拍挂”的比例，从而在提高土地财政依赖度的同时提升一级土地市场化率；当土地财政依赖度较高但一级土地市场化率较低时，地方政府会增加一级土地市场上“招拍挂”的比例，在降低土地财政依赖程度的同时提升一级土地市场化率。     

广州市旧村庄更新的市场化程度及其影响因素研究

基于旧村庄更新模式维度,构建旧村庄更新市场化指数模型,利用2007—2016年广州市面板数据,测算旧村庄更新市场化程度。以旧村庄更新市场化程度为因变量,以人均土地面积,城镇化率,第一产业产值,非农产业产值比重,人均可支配收入,土地财政依赖度,土地市场政策变量为自变量,运用多元线性回归模型、格兰杰因果关系检验和脉冲响应函数等方法,分析旧村庄更新的市场化程度与其影响因素之间的动态关系,结果表明:政策变量、人均土地面积、城镇化率、土地财政依赖度与旧村庄更新市场化程度之间存在着单向因果关系;城镇化率、非农产值比重、政策变量对旧村庄更新市场化程度存在正向冲击,土地财政依赖度为负向冲击。     

中国土地财政的区域差异及地方财政转型 ——基于287个地级市的面板数据

为了总结土地财政区域差异的基本特征,为深入推进地方财政转型提供参考依据,从土地财政与地方财政收支特征出发,选取评价指标,应用系统聚类分析方法对1999—2014年287个地级市的面板数据进行了分析,结果将样本数据划分为6种集群类型,并分别定义为:土地财政繁荣区、土地财政次繁荣区、土地财政发展区、土地财政萌芽区、土地财政潜力区和非典型土地财政区。总结各个区域土地财政特点发现:土地财政规模大小整体与经济发展水平呈现较强的正相关,各区域之间的差异很大。并不是土地财政规模越大的地方,地方财政对土地财政的依赖度越高,土地财政收入与地方财政依赖度呈现负向关系。总体上土地财政规模越大,土地财政贡献率越高。但也存在例外。最后,围绕地方土地财政依赖度过高以及地方财政收支缺口过大的问题,提出了地方财政转型的政策建议。     

破解地方政府土地财政困境的路径选择研究

研究目的:对2000—2013年土地财政依赖度进行测度,分析土地财政依赖度的空间差异,并结合各省(自治区、直辖市)土地资源禀赋、经济发展水平,提出破解地方政府土地财政困境的路径选择。研究方法:统计分析法、三维空间分析法。研究结果:(1)2000—2013年间,中国土地出让金规模不断扩大,土地财政依赖度呈现上升态势。2000—2013年间,31个省(自治区、直辖市)土地出让金水平年均14366.96×108元,累计达201137.40×108元,年均增长速度为39.17%。2000年31个省(自治区、直辖市)土地财政依赖度为8.51%,2013年为38.80%,14年间增加了30.29个百分点,年均增长速度为12.38%。(2)各省(自治区、直辖市)土地财政依赖度呈现分化的趋势,一些省(自治区、直辖市)已经初步显露摆脱土地财政依赖的迹象。研究结论:由于中国各地对土地财政的依赖程度存在较大的差异,各地拥有的土地资源禀赋、所处的社会经济发展阶段也存在一定的差异,因此,各地在选择一条适合本地实际的新型经济发展之路时,不仅要考虑现阶段本地经济对土地财政的依赖程度,而且要考虑本地的土地资源禀赋约束以及本地经济所处的发展阶段,采取有所差别的应对之策。     

划拨土地与土地财政联动绩效省际差异及提升路径

研究目的：剖析划拨土地与土地财政联动机理及阐释联动绩效涵义，揭示联动绩效省际差异规律，提出划拨土地与土地财政联动绩效提升路径。研究方法：熵值法、理想解相似排序法和耦合协调模型法。研究结果：（1）划拨土地与土地财政之间存在正向联动互馈关系，划拨土地对出让土地价值提升及土地财政收入实现具有支撑和辅助作用，土地财政对划拨土地征收和开发建设提供资金保障；（2）全国31省（区、市）划拨土地与土地财政联动绩效（LD）大小分为4种类型，LD值越高的省（市）二者耦合协调度也越高，LD值越低的省（区）二者耦合协调度也越低；（3）划拨土地占国有建设用地供应面积比重、城镇人均可支配收入与商品房销售均价比、城市人均道路与公园绿地面积、城镇私营单位平均工资5项指标，是划拨土地与土地财政联动绩效的主要障碍因素。研究结论：提升划拨土地与土地财政联动绩效，需要在完善土地财政形成机制、缩小划拨土地适用范畴、提高建设用地市场化交易水平、引导土地与人口同步城镇化、优化划拨土地空间配置、提升存量建设用地利用绩效等方面持续发力。     

土地供给结构、财政压力与房价——来自广东省的经验分析

研究目的:实证检验地方政府土地供给结构对区域房价的影响。研究方法:在分析土地供给结构影响房价机理的基础上,提出本文的研究假说;基于广东省21个地级及以上城市2009—2015年的统计数据,运用面板数据模型加以检验。研究结果:土地供给结构显著影响房价水平,静态和动态面板数据模型估计表明住宅用地供给比例提高1%,房价分别下降0.126%和0.103%;基础设施用地供给比例提高1个百分点,房价分别上升0.062%和0.051%;工业用地供给比例提高1个百分点,房价则分别上升0.116%和0.110%。地方政府财政压力在土地供给结构与房价的因果链条中起到重要的调节效应,即财政压力越大的地区,提高住宅用地供给比例对房价的抑制效果微弱,而基础设施和工业用地供给比例的增加则对房价的抬升效应更大。研究结论:为抑制过快上涨的房价,保障城市居民住有所居,在加快土地供给侧结构性改革,优化土地供给结构,加大住宅用地供应的同时,也应深化财税体制改革,使地方政府对土地财政的依赖逐步向持有环节的房地产税转变,以降低财政压力对土地供给侧结构性改革抑制房价过快上涨的扭曲效应。     

房价变动和土地财政对安徽省经济发展的影响分析

房价变动、土地财政与经济发展之间具有相互影响、相互作用的关系。以2011—2017年安徽省16个市为研究对象,借助耦合度模型,分析了房价变动和土地财政对安徽省经济发展的影响。结果表明:房价变动与安徽省经济发展息息相关,但土地财政对安徽省经济发展的影响不大。     

中国住宅地价房价比的空间格局、演变特征及影响因素——基于35个大中城市的空间计量分析

研究目的:探索35个大中城市住宅地价房价比的空间格局、演变特征及影响因素,为房地产市场调控政策提供参考。研究方法:基于中国国土勘测规划院中国城市地价动态监测系统中35个大中城市2010—2017年住宅地价房价比的监测数据,运用描述性分析、探索性空间数据分析和面板空间杜宾模型进行研究。研究结果:(1)2010—2017年,35个大中城市地价房价比的平均值呈现先降后增再降的趋势,区域间绝对值和变化趋势的差异较为明显;(2)35个大中城市的地价房价比大致呈东南高、西北低的阶梯状格局,大部分城市的地价房价比分位数在研究段内未发生明显变化,仅北京、广州和呼和浩特明显上升,长春和合肥明显下降;(3)从关联特征来看,35个大中城市的地价房价比存在显著的空间聚集性,其呈现先升后降的趋势,在2013年达到最大;(4)通过面板空间杜宾模型研究发现,住宅用地供给对本地地价房价比有显著负向影响,房地产开发投资额和人均可支配收入对本地地价房价比有显著正向影响。空间效应方面,本地住宅用地供给和人口密度对邻近城市地价房价比有负向溢出效应,房地产开发投资额和人均可支配收入对邻近城市地价房价比有正向溢出效应。研究结论:住宅地价房价比不仅受本地土地供给、房地产开发规模和人均可支配收入影响,还受到邻近城市住宅用地供给和房地产开发规模的影响,因此房地产市场调控应该同时注重"城市联动"和"因城施策"。     

我国不同职能类型城市的用地水平分析

城市人均用地水平的高低受多种因素影响,城市性质和职能的差异就是一个重要因素.本文利用城市地理的研究成果,将全国设市城市按职能分成6种基本类型,采用1990年和1998年的统计数据,研究各类城市的职能特征,分析比较各类城市人均建设用地面积的差异及其原因,并指出今后土地集约利用挖潜的方向,为建立评价城市土地集约利用潜力的指标体系提供科学依据.     

土地财政对实际汇率的影响 ——理论与实证

研究目的:探究中国土地财政政策对外部实际汇率的影响,客观分析土地财政对实际汇率影响的传导路径,反思土地财政对实际汇率的政策意义.研究方法:中介效应分析,静态及动态面板模型.研究结果:地方政府对土地财政的依赖会导致省际实际汇率贬值,土地财政通过要素市场扭曲收益效应与房价效应两条中介渠道对实际汇率产生影响,即土地财政通过促进要素扭曲收益提升与房价收入比提升的传导机制导致外部实际汇率贬值.研究结论:地方政府应避免工业企业利用政策优势落入价格竞争陷阱,同时扭转房地产行业的畸形状态.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。     

天津地热资源可持续开发利用对策

天津有着十分丰富的地热资源,至2003年底,已有地热井235眼,年开采量2701万m3。但地热资源利用率最高为62.4%,地热尾水回灌率不到8%,基本是一种粗放的开发利用模式。文章从实现地热资源可持续开发利用角度出发,针对天津地区不同热储层的特征,提出适宜的利用方式,提高地热利用率。而且指出必须走回灌开发道路,增加回灌井,提高回灌率是实现地热资源可持续开发利用的重要保障。     

Projections of maize yield vulnerability to droughts and adaptation options in Uganda

Sub-Saharan Africa is likely going to experience more intense and frequent droughts with high parallel possibilities of ramifications on maize yields. While there is a lot of scholarship dwelling on the ramifications of droughts on maize yields at the level of Africa, little has been researched at lower scales. This study presents past (1960–2014) vulnerability of maize yields to droughts based on a previous study (Epule et al., 2017) and projects the future vulnerability of maize yields to droughts by calculating the sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity of maize yields to droughts for the period 2015–2050. The results show that maize yields are more vulnerable in the north of Uganda for the period 1960–2014. However, adaptive capacity is higher in the south. Maize yields also record higher levels of sensitivity and exposure in the north with the latter patterns explained by variations in precipitation, temperature, rich volcanic soils, access to rivers and lakes. In terms of future vulnerability for the period 2015–2050, this study shows that the level of vulnerability of maize yields to droughts in Uganda will increase to levels higher than what currently obtains. For example, the vulnerability index will increase from 0.54 under the 1.5 °C to 0.70 under the 2.0 °C and to 1.54 under the 2.5 °C scenario. Sensitivity is also likely to increase while exposure and adaptive capacity are most likely to remain the same. Overall, it can be said that the future of maize production in Uganda under present and future circumstances remains very bleak without concrete actions. As a way forward, land use policy designers will have to integrate water management, agroforestry, climatic information diffusion, training and indigenous knowledge into land use planning decisions in the context of agriculture.     

The role of knowledge,attitudes and perceptions in the uptake of agricultural and agroforestry innovations among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa

Despite the great potential of agricultural innovations, the uptake by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa seems to be slow. We reviewed existing theories and frameworks for the uptake of agricultural innovations and found that these tend to emphasize the role of extrinsic factors such as the characteristics of the adopter and the external environment in the decision-making process. In this paper, we argue that intrinsic factors such as the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of the potential adopter towards the innovation play a key role, but this has been less studied. We present an analytical framework that combines both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in farmers' decisions to adopt new agricultural technologies and apply the framework to agroforestry adoption as a case study. We review the literature on agroforestry adoption in sub-Saharan Africa and identify the extrinsic and intrinsic variables affecting the uptake of agroforestry technologies. We conclude that the uptake of agricultural technologies is a complex process influenced by both extrinsic and intrinsic variables, and recommend that future studies aiming to understand the adoption process of agricultural innovations take into account both sets of variables. A mechanistic understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact and drive adoption can help in targeting technologies appropriately to ensure sustainability.     

CAP Subsidies and Productivity of the EU Farms

The paper investigates the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies on farm total factor productivity (TFP) in the European Union (EU). We employ a structural semi‐parametric estimation algorithm directly incorporating the effect of subsidies into a model of unobserved productivity. We empirically study the effects using the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) samples for the EU‐15 countries. Our main findings are clear: subsidies impact negatively on farm productivity in the period before the decoupling reform was implemented; after decoupling the effect of subsidies on productivity is more nuanced and in several countries it turned positive.     

Poverty Reduction Effects of Agricultural Technology Adoption: The Case of Improved Cassava Varieties in Nigeria

We use DNA‐fingerprinting to estimate the poverty reduction effect of adoption of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria. We estimate the counterfactual household income distribution of cassava producers by combining farm‐level treatment effects with a market‐level model. Our results suggest that adoption of improved cassava varieties has led to a 4.6 percentage point reduction in poverty, though this is sensitive to the measurement of adoption status. Therefore, accurate measurement of adoption is crucial for a more credible estimate of the poverty reduction effect of adoption. Our analysis also suggests that farmers who are more likely to be adopters are also likely to face higher structural costs. Addressing structural barriers that make improved technologies less profitable for the poor would therefore be important to increase the poverty reduction effect of improved cassava varieties.     

The retention ability of the agricultural landscape in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín nuclear power plant and its changes since the 19th century

Drainage and loss of wetland sites is a major problem of the agricultural landscape, as it reduces the landscape’s ability to retain water, nutrients, matter, and minimize erosion. With this in mind, the issue of the ability of wet sites to retain radionuclides and contaminated water in the case of a radiation accident was studied. In 2013, field research examined the occurrence of wetland retention sites in the emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the Temelín nuclear power plant (NPP; Czech Republic). As data sources, wetland biotopes (European network Natura 2000) were considered; in addition, retention features were field mapped, i.e. landscape elements of a wetland nature not normally considered nationally significant for conservation. Within the emergency zone, 2854.7 ha of wetland biotopes were registered and 318.9 ha retention features mapped. Density of retention sites (in ha/km²) per cadastre (local administrative units) was used to represent their spatial distribution within the zone. For an assessment of possible revitalization measures, leading to an increase in the landscape’s retention ability, spatial changes in the area of retention sites between 2013 and the mid-19th century, a period before extensive drainage of landscape occurred and a simplification of its structure, were mapped. Historic land maps (The Imperial Obligatory Imprints of the Stable Cadastre) were used as a basis of information on the occurrence and area of fens and wet meadows (4771.5 ha).For spatial comparisons of drained and undrained landscape in the past and present, the density of retention sites per cadastre was calculated. In the mid-19th century, 80% of cadastres had a density of retention sites exceeded 5 ha/km²; in 2013 only 40% of cadastres achieved this. In the most part, drained areas of the zone belong to the central part (around the power plant), as well as the EPZ’s eastern and south-eastern regions. From the density maps of retention sites, as well as from the stable cadastre imprints, it is possible to identify areas and retention features suitable for wetland restoration, thus leading to an increase in the retention capacity of the landscape in terms of water and radionuclide retention. Suggestions as to how to restore and turn retention features into semi-natural wetlands, as well as integrating small wetlands into an agriculture landscape are outlined.