农业适度规模经营：CES生产函数下的解释

[目的]经济学中经常出现这一现象,在生产要素替代关系相对微弱的情况下,经济总量水平与资源配置效果并非由最优的要素资源所决定,而是取决于最劣的要素资源。为揭示我国农业适度规模经营中是否存在"木桶效应",[方法]利用1990—2014年国有农场相关数据,通过对CES生产函数的拓展与改良,分析了我国农业适度规模经营中的要素资源配置问题。[结果]"木桶效应"存在于我国农业适度规模经营中,土地和劳动力成为发展农业适度规模经营的"短板"要素;[结论]虽然新型农业生产要素对粮食增量产生的作用越来越明显,然而土地资源的不可替代性以及其他要素对劳动力的替代存在边界,使得农业适度规模中的资源配置效果最终由土地和劳动力决定;农业适度规模经营并非是追求单一生产要素的扩张,而是实现土地、劳动力、农业资本、农业机械、农资、农业科技等全要素的高效组合。     

基于Cobb-Douglas生产函数的高技术产业用地行业错配及其产出缺口研究

研究目的:探索高技术产业用地行业错配程度,为优化高技术产业用地配置和提供差别化的产业资源要素配置策略提供理论参考。研究方法:Cobb-Douglas生产函数。研究结果:(1)不同行业高技术产业对投入资源要素依赖不同,制造业和服务业不同行业间全要素生产率存在差异性。总体上制造业主要依赖于资本要素和土地要素的投入,而服务业主要依赖于劳动力要素投入,但是服务业的全要素生产率明显高于制造业的全要素生产率。(2)不同行业高技术产业用地配置不充分与不均衡,制造业和服务业之间用地存在错配问题。(3)不同行业高技术产业用地错配缺口存在差异。从总体来看,高技术产业之间的用地错配形成的产出缺口较大,服务业比制造业的用地错配缺口更大。从分行业来看,制造业中计算机、通信和其他电子设备制造业、医药制造业和其他制造业3种类型的用地错配缺口较大;服务业中信息服务业的用地错配缺口较大。研究结论:纠偏高技术产业用地错配问题关键在于如何平衡产业间的用地配置问题。建议调整产业结构和资源要素在行业间配置方向,按照不同行业实施差别化的资源要素配置策略,从而更加充分地发挥市场对资源要素的配置作用。     

马歇尔分成租佃制真的导致土地资源利用“无效率”——基于20世纪30年代卜凯农家调查资料的检验

由分成租佃制导致土地产出减少的"马歇尔无效率"一直是学术界研究的热点话题。许多实证研究尝试通过土地产出率、劳动—土地比率以及地租等对这一理论的正确性进行检验,但这些都无法体现经济学理论中资源利用遵循边际均等法则。本文通过对国内外文献关于分成租佃制理论的系统梳理,基于佃农收入最大化的目标,对佃农理论模型进行修正。在此基础上,结合20世纪30年代卜凯农家调查资料,实证检验了分成租佃制下土地资源利用效率问题。研究结果表明:(1)在土地同质的条件下,分成佃农、定额佃农和自耕农的土地边际生产力并不存在显著差异,分成租佃制下土地资源利用是有效率的。(2)土地边际生产力的相对差异,一方面导致土地租佃比率发生变化,另一方面通过租佃制度进行灵活的规模调整,从而实现土地资源配置的优化。     

The International Competitiveness of the Palestinian Agriculture

The purpose of this study is to identify and measure the impacts of factors which are expected to influence the competitiveness of the Palestinian agriculture by using the market share approach with an econometric model. Over the past three decades, Palestinian agriculture has been subjected to increased international and regional competition. The impact of this competition is in part evidenced by trend decline in the West Bank and Gaza Strip agricultural exports in one hand, and the increases in agricultural imports on the other. The empirical results indicate that the performances of domestic and import market shares could be increased through improving the productivities of the major production factors such as land, labor and capital. Applying this policy would enhance the competitiveness of Palestinian agriculture by increasing local production to replace farm imports from Israel. On the other land, future farm export competitiveness will be closely linked to improvements in production, marketing efficiency and removing non-tarrif trade barriers (NTBs) imposed by Jordan and Israel.     

农户耕地保护受偿意愿影响因素分析

采用问卷调查法结合访谈法,对湖南典型地区农户耕地保护受偿意愿开展研究,借助主成分分析法分析得出影响农户耕地保护意愿的主要因素为:农户劳动力配置、农户耕地投入产出、农户耕地资源禀赋、农户耕地保护投入,为实施有效的促进手段和激励机制提供依据。     

Production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture

This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989–90 farm-level data. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. For southern Ethiopia, where fertilizer is rarely used, a single production function is estimated. Three conclusions emerge. First, fertilizer use is not significantly affected by a farm's stocks of capital or land. This is consistent with the fact that fertilizer allocation decisions under the deposed Mengistu regime were politicized to the point where farmers had little control over use. Second, fertilizer is associated with a smaller factor share for cattle and a larger share for land, meaning that those who control land may gain relative to the individual farmers who own cattle as the country develops agriculturally. Third, farms without fertilizer in northwest and central Ethiopia tend to be too small, a problem due to population pressures on the land and communal methods of land allocation. This suggests that land allocation institutions should adjust by distributing land to a smaller but more economically viable number of farmers.     

基于偏离-份额分析法的山西省农业经济发展研究

目的 分析山西省农业经济增长、结构、竞争力优势度和区域农业资源配置现状及合理性,为乡村振兴产业动力发展提供参考。方法 文章以全国为参照,运用比较优势指数和Esteban-Marquillas偏离份额法拓展模型,综合探析山西省农业经济增长和产业结构现状。结果 （1） 2000—2019年山西农林牧渔业经济总量整体保持增长趋势,农林牧渔业经济增加值占GDP比重在波动中呈下降趋势,与全国同产业比值稳定在1.225%。（2）结构比例演变相对稳定,以种植业为主,牧业为辅,渔业林业比重低;结构调整以种植业略下降,林业略提升为主要特征。农作物以谷物、豆类、薯类具有比较优势,尤以谷子、胡麻籽、高粱、绿豆、红小豆比较优势明显,明显高于全国水平。（3）偏离效应分析显示：种植业规模增长明显,但结构、竞争力、资源配置均处于劣势;林业结构和资源配置合理,但规模小,不具竞争力;牧业发展规模、竞争力、资源配置优势均较好,但结构尚不合理;渔业产业规模小,增长优势不明显,结构发展程度低,竞争力差。（4）动态变化中份额分量演变高度一致,种植业和牧业呈现明显的正负交替和此消彼长态势。农业经济增长优势整体表现为由南向北依次减弱的趋势,各地区结构偏离效应均为负,份额和结构分量区域间差异较小;竞争和配置分量偏离效应空间分布复杂,差异较大。结论 与全国相比,研究期内山西农业经济增长趋势不明显,竞争力低于全国水平。其中种植业和牧业结构需要进一步优化,提高资源配置合理性;林业结构和资源基础好,但发展较晚,亟待提高竞争力;渔业规模小,发展程度尚低。不同地区之间的协同性较差,可通过优化结构和分工,提高区域协作能力。     

耕地质量禀赋、社会分工对农户化肥减量技术采纳行为的影响——基于鄂豫两省样本农户的实证

目的 促进农户采纳化肥减量技术是保障农产品安全、治理农业污染和推动农业绿色发展的重要举措,文章旨在探究耕地质量禀赋与社会分工对农户采纳化肥减量技术的影响及其内在逻辑。方法 基于湖北和河南两省700户农户的微观调研数据,利用Ordered Probit模型分析了耕地质量禀赋与社会分工对农户化肥减量技术采纳行为的影响。结果 （1）耕地质量禀赋对农户化肥减量技术采纳行为具有显著正向影响,耕地质量禀赋每增加一个单位,化肥减量技术采纳率将提高25%,土壤越肥沃,灌溉条件越便利,通机耕路的耕地,农户越会采纳化肥减量技术。（2）耕地质量禀赋越好,则农户更愿意参与横向分工,促进其采纳化肥减量技术,中介效应为0.062,且纵向分工能明显缓解质量禀赋较差耕地对农户化肥减量技术采纳的负向影响。（3）耕地质量禀赋对小农户采纳化肥减量技术具有显著正向影响,且社会分工增强了耕地质量禀赋对小农户化肥减量技术采纳行为的促进作用,而耕地质量禀赋对大农户化肥减量技术采纳行为没有显著影响。结论 因此,多渠道提升农户耕地条件,全方位推进农业社会分工,对不同规模农户采取差异化的激励和引导策略,均是推广化肥减量技术的有效途径。     

Short‐run and long‐run dynamics of farm land allocation: panel data evidence from Denmark1

This study develops and estimates a dynamic multi‐output model of farmers’ land allocation decisions that allows for the gradual adjustment of allocations that can result from crop rotation practices and quasi‐fixed capital constraints. Estimation is based on micro‐panel data from Danish farmers that include acreage, output, and variable input utilization at the crop level. Results indicate that there are substantial differences between the short‐run and long‐run land allocation behaviour of Danish farmers and that there are substantial differences in the time lags associated with different crops. To our knowledge, this is the first dynamic micro‐model of land allocation estimated on data from the temperate climate zone. Since similar farming conditions are found in northern Europe and parts of the United States and Canada, this result may be of wider interest.     

Dynamic Area Allocation and Economies of Scale and Scope

This article applies the adjustment cost framework to the case of area allocation by simultaneously determining the levels of input demand and output supply. Dynamic measures of economies of scale and scope are defined for output‐specific areas. An application to a rotating sample of Dutch cash crops reveals that farmers have a strong incentive for specialisation, but that large adjustment costs for area allocation resulting in small adjustments toward the optimal level prevent them from doing so.     

Auction winning,social dynamics and non-compliance in a payment for ecosystem services scheme in Indonesia

Conservation auctions for payment for ecosystem services (PES) are useful to identify the levels of incentives that will cover the opportunity costs of farmers supplying ecosystem services. Although auctions are increasingly used for allocation in PES schemes, the factors that lead to their successful implementation and eventual environmental outcomes are poorly understood in developing countries. We investigated the socio-economic and institutional contexts that led to smallholders' auction winning and eventual compliance using linear mixed-effects models, and post-auction and post-contract surveys. We employed a case study of a conservation contract preceded by a sealed-bid, multiple round, uniform price auction for watershed services from coffee farmers in Lampung, Indonesia. The auction participants presented low education levels, low asset endowments and small plot sizes. The study obtained evidence that farmers with larger plot areas were more likely to win the contracts, suggesting economies of scale. Most farmers considered the auction a fair self-selection mechanism to allocate contracts where allocation was not influenced by power or social rank. Non-compliance was associated with labor availability constraints, short duration of land ownership and existence of previous conservation applications, suggesting lax of capability to invest in applying conservation agriculture. Final bids were however not good predictors of compliance, among other factors, calling into question the potential of auctions to elicit the actual incentive from the farmers. Ensuring that farmers understand the purposes of auctions for effective contract allocation beyond a mere game and identifying farmers that might encounter difficulties fulfilling the contract could increase the likelihood that such a PES scheme would be successful.     

Risk aversion and land allocation between annual and perennial crops in semisubsistence farming: a stochastic optimization approach

This article analyzes the effect of production uncertainty on farmland allocation decisions between perennial and annual crops, focusing on a representative farmer's attitude toward risk. A dynamic stochastic optimization model that considers net planting—the difference between new plantings and removals of perennial crops that achieve full production cycle—is used. The effect of uncertainty on the representative farmer's decisions to increase or decrease perennial crops’ acreage, on the optimal path, is examined. Our results reveal that the response of optimal path of net planting to uncertainty related to perennial crop production is highly affected by the farmer's attitude toward risk. A risk‐averse or a low‐risk loving farmer tends to reduce land allocation to perennial crops under uncertainty, while a high‐risk loving farmer will do exactly the opposite. Also, due to disutility of farming, the farmer tends to reduce land allocation to perennial crops when prices are high enough for him to attain a desired income level expectation. One implication of this research is the need for mechanization—in sub‐Saharan countries in particular—that increases per‐acreage yield and output in semisubsistence agriculture.     

土地资源配置方式改革与公共政策转变

研究目的:通过考察我国土地资源配置方式改革进程以及现有的公共政策体系,明确土地资源配置方式改革的目标取向和与之相对应的公共政策转变。研究方法:文献资料法和归纳分析法。研究结果:土地资源低效利用以及伴随的生态环境问题是落后的土地资源配置方式与低效公共政策作用的必然结果。研究结论:通过结合公共政策转变可能遇到的难点进行分析认为,明晰土地财产权权利、培育市场竞争主体以及依据公共政策的制定基础变化调整政策目标等方面的改革是改善土地资源配置效率及增进社会福利必须突破的3点。     

Productivity and Land Enhancing Technologies in Northern Ethiopia: Health, Public Investments, and Sequential Adoption

The adoption of more efficient farming practices and technologies that enhance agricultural productivity and improve environmental sustainability is instrumental for achieving economic growth, food security, and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. Our research examines the interaction between public investments, community health, and adoption of productivity and land enhancing technologies by households in the northern Ethiopian state of Tigray. Agricultural technology adoption decisions are modeled as a sequential process where the timing of choices can matter. We find that time spent sick and opportunity costs of caring for sick family members are significant factors in adoption. Sickness, through its impact on household income and labor allocation decisions for healthcare and other activities, significantly reduces the likelihood of technology adoption. Our findings suggest that agencies working to improve agricultural productivity and land resource conservation should consider not only the financial status of potential adopters, but also their related health situation.     

我国农户的非农劳动力资源分配决策研究

本文借鉴Cragg提出的双曲线模型进行劳动力资源分配决策研究,探讨影响农户非农劳动力资源分配决策的主次影响因素及该模型的适用性.通过对湖北省样本地区的研究表明,教育和性别是决定非农劳动力分配决策的两个重要个体特征变量;成年人人数、汇款水平、家庭的种植面积和其资产持有水平则是非农工作时间分配决策的显著要素.     

Shadow wages, allocative inefficiency, and labor supply in smallholder agriculture

This article introduces a method for estimating structural labor supply models in the presence of unobservable wages and deviations of households' marginal revenue product of self‐employed labor from their shadow wage. This method is therefore robust to a wide range of assumptions about labor allocation decisions in the presence of uncertainty, market frictions, locational preferences, etc. We illustrate the method using data from rice producers in Côte d'Ivoire. These data, like previous studies, reveal significant systematic differences between shadow wages and the marginal revenue product of family farm labor. We demonstrate how one can exploit systematic deviations, in the present case related to household characteristics such as the land/labor endowment ratio, to control for both unobservable wages and prospective allocative inefficiency in labor allocation in structural household labor supply estimation.     

中国农户在农地流转市场上能否如愿以偿?——流转市场的交易成本考察

农地流转是实现规模经营的重要途径,尽管中国农地流转市场发展迅速,但农户在流转市场上能否转入自己想要转入数量的土地尚无人关注。本文利用全国6省1200户2000年和2008年追踪调查数据实证分析农户的流转意愿多大程度上可以在流转市场上得以实现,进而考察流转市场交易成本的存在性、对称性和动态性。研究表明,中国农地流转市场存在明显的交易成本,因此流转市场是不完善的。具体结论:第一,流转市场存在明显进入门槛,进入市场后农户也无法实现完全调整,转入户2000年和2008年分别能实现调整意愿的24%和37%,高于转出户的19%和18%;第二,流转市场的交易成本存在非对称性,转入户比转出户面临的交易门槛高,但进入市场后转入户调整意愿实现程度高于转出户;第三,从2000年到2008年,流转市场的交易门槛显著降低了,但进入市场后调整意愿实现程度并没有显著提高;第四,农资设备和劳动力等要素市场的不完善程度更严重,因此农地流转市场发挥了将土地这种"不能移动"的要素移动起来以迎合那些"本该移动"的要素功能,提高了资源配置效率。政府应进一步提高农地产权稳定性,降低流转市场交易成本,加快农业生产社会化服务业发展,完善农村劳动力市场。     

Cap reform: modelling supply response subject to the land set-aside

This paper uses duality theory to develop a model of European Community agriculture. The model is used to investigate the impact of the land set-aside provision of the recent package of reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy. We assume that producers chose output and variable input levels that maximize difference between revenue and variable cost. By including first-order conditions for the allocation of land across its uses, we impose that the observed allocations are profit-maximizing allocations. To overcome the problem of incorporating many outputs into an estimable production structure, we imposed a priori the restriction that the technology was weakly separable in major categories of outputs. With this restriction, it was possible to model production decisions in stages using consistent aggregates in the latter stages.     

中国耕地非粮化空间格局分异及驱动机制

研究目的：摸清耕地非粮化的总体态势,揭示非粮化空间分异及驱动机制,为国家粮食安全和耕地保护政策调整提供科学依据。研究方法：空间自相关分析法、多重共线性诊断与多元回归分析方法。研究结果：（1）2018年耕地非粮化面积约为54.47×106 hm2,占耕地总面积的32.29%;（2）非粮化面积主要集中于中南部和北部,但高非粮化率主要集中于新疆、贵州和东南沿海。非粮化面积与非粮化率呈现显著不同的空间集聚特征;（3）农业实际利用外资额、城乡居民可支配收入比、农业机械总动力、乡村劳动力、土地流转面积与非粮化面积对数呈显著性正相关关系,共同驱动了全国非粮化的空间格局。但不同尺度、不同区域耕地非粮化驱动因子的空间异质性显著。研究结论：受经济、社会、政策和资源配置等多重因素影响,中国不同尺度下非粮化时空格局差异悬殊、驱动因子空间异质性显著。今后应科学设定非粮化底线、优化农业资源配置、推进农业差别化补贴,严控非粮化无序增长、稳固国家粮食安全的基石。     

乡村振兴背景下宅基地使用权的资源再配及治理路径 ——基于定量定性混合研究方法

研究目的：从理论和实证两个层面分析乡村振兴背景下封闭式宅基地使用权的资源错配、治理路径及制度绩效。研究方法：理论分析法、定量定性混合研究方法。研究结果：（1）乡村振兴背景下,封闭式宅基地使用权与人口流动性增强的环境变迁不相适应,产生宅基地资源错配。（2）优化宅基地资源配置,需先行厘清村庄内部人地关系,进而建立外来农民非户籍所在地有偿使用宅基地制度。（3）向外来农民放开宅基地使用权对区域产业集聚与城乡融合发展具有更深层次的制度绩效。研究结论：允许外来农民在非户籍所在地有偿使用宅基地,是优化宅基地资源配置的制度改革方向。