传统农区新型城镇化与农业现代化协调发展路径研究

传统农区新型城镇化能够为农村剩余劳动力寻找到新的出路,实现农业经营方式转型升级。推动传统农区新型城镇化与农业现代化协调发展,能够有效提升农村经济发展水平,实现城乡协调发展。在具体的路径选择上,应坚持以节约、绿色、环保为原则,将传统农区城镇化建设融入农业现代化环境之中。     

农村劳动力转移对河南省农业产业结构发展的影响研究

[目的]通过分析河南省农村劳动力转移对农业产业结构发展的影响,为促进河南省农村劳动力的合理转移和农业产业结构的协调发展提供参考。[方法]文章采用统计数据分析法和文献分析法。搜集分析河南省农村劳动力转移相关的数据和河南省与农业产业结构的数据,探究农村劳动力转移与农业产业结构之间的关系,最终详细说明河南省劳动力转移对河南省农业产业结构发展产生的具体影响。[结果]2006~2013年,河南省劳动力转移的年增长速率6.93%,在此影响下农民收入年增长率达19.98%;农作物总产量年增长率达26.69%;粮食作物和油料作物种植面积年增长率达4.76%和4.11%;棉花种植面积年减少速率达80.18%;农业播种面积年增长速率3.42‰;此外,农用机械使用率和农村人力思想素质均提升。[结论]河南省农村劳动力转移对河南省农业产业结构带来了深远的影响,农村劳动力的转移致使农民收入和农业种植效益提升、农业机械化水平增高、农业种植结构趋于单一化、农业经营规模扩大及农村人力资本趋优。     

农业产业化与农村城镇化的互动互进

文章阐述了在促进农村经济发展,解决“三农”问题的各种方略中,农业产业化与农村城镇化是相互影响、相互作用的两个方面。农业产业化推动农村城镇化,农村城镇化反过来又服务于农业产业化。提出了农村城镇化与农业产业化的协调发展需要我们建立农业产业化利益分配机制,选择一条适合我国农村现状的产业化发展道路;强化城镇综合功能,建立科学合理的城镇体系;强化农民教育,培育适应农业产业化和农村城镇化的人力资本等。     

城镇化进程中新型职业农民培训现状及对策研究

随着我国城镇化进程加快,农村劳动力数量减少,农业兼业化、农村空心化和农民老龄化问题日益严重。培训新型职业农民,能够确保农业可持续发展,可以推动农业现代科技推广与应用,促进农村经济发展,增加农民收入。探讨城镇化进程中新型职业农民培训现状,提出了强化新型职业农民培训的对策建议。     

民族地区农业现代化与新型城镇化协调发展研究

本文以我国八个民族省份为研究对象,从民族地区的农业现代化与新型城镇化发展现状出发,根据选取反映农业现代化和新型城镇化发展水平的相关指标体系,运用数据包络分析法(DEA)对民族地区农业现代化与新型城镇化协调发展程度进行实证分析,并据此探讨促进民族地区农业现代化与新型城镇化协调发展的相应对策。     

农业现代化与新型城镇化耦合协调路径研究

农业现代化有助于带动农村地区的产业结构调整,通过吸引投资等方式促进新型城镇化建设,新型城镇化建设有助于扩大消费市场,增强居民的消费水平,对于农村基础设施、服务设施等的建设有积极作用。农业现代化与新型城镇化在相互作用下形成耦合发展的互动关系,为了发挥二者的相互促进作用,需明确其耦合协调机理,创新协调发展模式,构建正向耦合的动力机制和保障机制。     

“三化”协调发展视阈下陕北农业经济发展战略选择

无论是工业化发展,还是城镇化发展,均立足于农业现代化这一基础,由此可见,发展农业现代化具有相当积极的社会意义。本文基于"三化"协调发展视阈讨论了陕北农业经济发展战略的选择,介绍了陕北地区农业经济发展的制约因素,并重点讨论了陕北农业经济发展战略,其中主要包括立足新型城镇化建设,推动农业园区化发展、立足新型工业化建设,推动农业产业化发展、立足产业品牌化建设,推动农业特色化发展,以期为陕北农业经济发展提供一些有益的参考。     

重庆市新型城镇化与农业经济协调发展研究

[目的]通过对重庆市新型城镇化与农业经济协调发展关系进行研究,从区域差异角度进行分析,旨在为城乡统筹发展提供合理的参考建议。[方法]文章运用锡尔指数对重庆市新型城镇化与农业经济发展水平的区域差异进行测度,并运用耦合协调度评价模型,从两者的目标效益出发,对重庆市新型城镇化与农业经济的空间协调关系进行探讨。[结果]重庆市新型城镇化和农业经济发展水平表现出明显的空间差异,其中城市发展新区的潼南、合川、永川、江津、纂江、涪陵以及渝东北生态涵养发展区的开州和万州等区县属于农业经济高水平区域;从新型城镇化水平空间分布来看,都市功能区和城市发展新区的大部分区县属于较高水平及以上,而渝东北和渝东南除万州区和黔江区外,均处于较低水平以下。[结论]区域间差异对重庆市农业经济的总体差异影响较大,是全市总体差异的主要来源;各功能区间的要素流动、交通改善、区域合作等原因促使其区域内差异的缩小,而区域间的地理条件、经济水平、资源禀赋的差异依然是农业经济发展水平总体差异的主要来源;发展各功能区的特色农业经济是新型城镇化发展的重要助推剂,可有效促进两者的协调发展;重庆市新型城镇化与农业经济协调发展程度还未达到高水平耦合阶段,但其协调程度在不断提升;基于区域差异来源分析,重庆市应结合各功能区的区域特色和功能定位因地制宜发展特色农业经济。     

培育新型农业经营主体助推乡村经济振兴

随着城市化进程的加快,我国乡村经济面临着严峻的挑战。为了促进乡村经济的振兴,培育新型农业经营主体成为一项重要举措。介绍了乡村经济面临的挑战和培育新型农业经营主体的背景和意义,分析了培育新型农业经营主体对乡村经济的影响,包括促进农业产业升级、推动农村一二三产业融合发展、提升农村就业和收入水平等方面,讨论了培育新型农业经营主体所面临的挑战和问题并提出相应的对策和建议,包括完善政策支持体系、提供创业培训和金融支持、加强农村土地制度改革等,为相关工作人员提供借鉴参考。     

浅析城镇化对区域经济发展的影响

城镇化对于缩小地区差异,实现区域经济的协调发展具有重要意义。文章详细分析了城镇化对区域经济的积极作用和负面影响,并提出加强政府政策扶持与协调、坚持城镇化与工业化协调发展、以农业产业化和农村劳动力转移为依托、统筹兼顾城镇建设与环境资源保护等来促进城镇化与区域经济的协调发展。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.